The Implementation of a Management Information System in the Pharmacy Department of Hospital X often experiences disruptions in internet connectivity. This study aims to determine the relationship between Human, Organization, and Technology factors and the Benefits of using the management information system in Hospital X. This research adopts a quantitative approach. Primary data were collected through questionnaires and direct interviews with respondents in the Pharmacy Department of Hospital X. The results indicate that Human, Organization, and Technology factors significantly influence the Benefits of using the management information system in Hospital X.
Liver cancer is among the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) being the most prevalent type. Risk factors such as chronic hepatitis B and C infections, alcohol-induced cirrhosis, and prolonged exposure to hepatotoxins contribute significantly to its incidence. Current chemotherapeutic agents often face limitations due to toxicity, drug resistance, and poor patient tolerance, prompting interest in natural compounds with selective anticancer activity. Curcumin, the principal curcuminoid from Curcuma longa (Turmeric), exhibits a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer effects. It has been shown to suppress tumor proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. As Curcumin concentration increases optical density decreases this indicates Curcumin is killing or inhibiting the growth of cancer cells effectively. In the present study, curcumin was extracted from turmeric rhizomes purchased locally, employing the maceration method with ethanol as a solvent. Fresh rhizomes were oven-dried at 105°C for three hours, ground into fine powder, and extracted at a solid–liquid ratio of 1:20 (w/v) for 72 hours at room temperature. The crude extract was concentrated using rotary evaporation, followed by precipitation with distilled water to obtain purified curcumin. Identification of curcumin was confirmed using qualitative lead acetate and boric acid tests. The anticancer potential of curcumin was evaluated using the HepG2 liver cancer cell line. Cytotoxicity was assessed by measuring cell viability, while morphological changes were analyzed through microscopy to identify apoptotic features. The findings, supported by literature, suggest that curcumin induces apoptosis and inhibits proliferation in HepG2 cells, highlighting its potential as a natural therapeutic candidate for liver cancer management.
Background: Paclitaxel, an anticancer drug, can induce neuropathy and is used in animal models to evaluate new therapeutic approaches. It increases oxidative stress, a key factor in peripheral neuropathy. Medicinal and herbal drugs with antioxidant potential are proven as neuroprotective. W. somnifera have proven antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activity. This study aims to assess its efficacy in paclitaxel-induced neuropathy. Aim and Objectives: To carry out phytochemical investigation andto evaluate effect of W. somnifera on behavioral changes like heat hyperalgesia, cold allodynia, mechanical allodynia, locomotor activity, electrophysiological, biochemical, histopathological changes in Paclitaxel Induced Neuropathy in Wistar Rats. Material and Methods: Wistar rats (n=6 per group) were divided into nine groups. Neuropathy was induced with Paclitaxel (2mg/kg, i.p), administered on days 0, 2, 4 and 6. Treatment with W. somnifera (100, 200, 400mg/kg/p.o.) and Gabapentin (300mg/kg/p.o.) started after last paclitaxel injection for next 4 weeks. Behavioral studies, thermal hyperalgesia, cold allodynia, mechanical allodynia and locomotor activity were conducted weekly using hot plate, cold plate, Von Frey filaments and actophotometer respectively. Motor nerve conduction velocity was performed by 8 channel power lab, biochemical studies and histopathological studies were performed using sciatic nerve homogenate at the end of the study. Results: Various doses of W. somnifera significantly reversed the behavioural, electrophysiological, biochemical and histopathological changes induced by paclitaxel in dose dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: The results indicate that W. somnifera exhibit antioxidant, analgesic and neuroprotective effects. This study indicated W. somnifera is beneficial to protect paclitaxel induced neuropathy and could be used as new therapeutic approach along with current medicines in the treatment of peripheral neuropathy.
Hydrogels, owing to their biocompatibility, tunable physical properties, and ability to retain moisture, have emerged as promising materials for dermatological applications. These gel-based systems provide innovative solutions for the treatment of various skin diseases, including wounds, burns, eczema, psoriasis, and microbial infections. This review explores the properties of hydrogels, their mechanisms of action, and their applications in skin disease therapies. Additionally, challenges and future perspectives in hydrogel-based treatments are discussed to highlight their potential in advancing dermatological care. Patients frequently seek both inpatient and outpatient medical care for skin infections. Skin infections are affecting more and more individuals worldwide, and they have the potential to cause both physical and mental harm. Because skin infections can present with a wide range of symptoms, doctors must diagnose them aggressively and accurately in order to prescribe the right symptomatic antibiotics. The majority of the time, oral or topical anti-infective medications are used to treat skin infections. However, some of the traditional anti-infective medications have drawbacks, like low bioavailability, poor targeting efficiency, and poor water solubility, which can result in side effects, drug resistance, and poor efficacy. Therefore, the creation of novel materials for more efficient drug delivery systems should be the main focus of research goals. One extremely versatile family of medical materials that may find use in dermatology is hydrogel. A number of anti-infective hydrogel dressings have been developed and shown to somewhat increase the effectiveness and tolerance of topical or oral traditional anti-infective medications. This paper provides a valuable theoretical reference for future research on skin infection treatment choices by methodically reviewing the medicinal applications of hydrogels for the treatment of diverse skin infections.
The increasing cost of health care requires an analysis that considers the aspect of economic efficiency in treatment. Gastritis is one of the diseases with a high prevalence that requires clinically effective and economically efficient therapy. This study aims to determine the minimum cost between the use of lansoprazole and omeprazole in hospitalized patients with gastritis at Dirgahayu Hospital Samarinda using the cost minimization analysis method. This study uses a pharmacoeconomic approach to identify alternative therapies with lower costs without reducing clinical effectiveness. In the pharmacoeconomic approach, the cost minimization analysis method is used to compare the costs of two health interventions that have equivalent clinical effectiveness. This study uses a quantitative study design with retrospective data collection and data are analyzed using cost minimization analysis to determine the minimum cost between the costs of lansoprazole and omeprazole treatment. Statistical methods are used to evaluate significant differences between groups. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The analysis includes fixed costs and variable costs. The results showed that patients with omeprazole therapy had the lowest cost with CMA per patient of IDR 2,495,987 compared to lansoprazole therapy with CMA per patient of IDR. 2,512,812 which had a relatively higher cost, however, there was no significant difference in the minimum cost between patients using omeprazole and patients using lansoprazole. The use of omeprazole and lansoprazole as gastritis therapy needs to be evaluated not only from a clinical perspective, but also in terms of cost efficiency. Through a cost minimization analysis approach, this study emphasizes the importance of choosing a therapy that provides clinical benefits equivalent to more economical expenditure in hospital health care practices.
When developing novel medicinal formulations, the solubility of the components is one of the most crucial factors to take into account. Over the course of the last several years, there has been a substantial increase in the use of novel chemical entities that possess very low permeability and solubility. Utilising a solid dispersion has shown to be the most effective method for administering doses of medications that are not easily soluble in water. Solid dispersions in water-soluble carriers have garnered a lot of interest as a means of enhancing the solubility and bioavailability of drugs that are hydrophobic. Formulation scientists confront considerable challenges when seeking to boost the oral bioavailability of solid-dose medications. These challenges are caused by difficulties related to solubility. It is possible that overcoming these challenges will be rather challenging. There is a possibility that the rate at which solid dosage forms of pharmaceuticals that are very challenging to treat dissolve may restrict the amount of medicine that is absorbed from these forms. Therefore, in order to boost the solubility of drugs that are only moderately soluble, formulation experts are required to apply processes that involve solid dispersion. In the present day, researchers are investigating the possibility of using solid dispersion techniques in order to enhance the bioavailability and rate of dissolution of medications that have a high lipophilicity. These procedures not only result in the production of amorphous drug particles, but they also reduce the size of the particles and enhance their wettability. A wide range of hydrophilic carriers, including natural, natural modified carriers, natural carriers, synthetic carriers, and semi-synthetic carriers, are discussed on this page. The use of these carriers results in the formation of solid dispersions. Throughout this essay, the primary focus will be on the topic that is now being discussed. This article examines a method that is more effective in dispersing medicinal substances and polymers that are insoluble in water, with a particular emphasis on solid solutions.
Lantana camara. is also known as Raimuniya. Lantana camara Linn is widely distributed throughout the world as ornamental and medicinal plant from the Verbenaceae family. It has been extensively studied for its pharmacological properties. Traditionally, it has been used for treating various ailments, including infections, wounds, and inflammatory conditions. This study aims to extract and evaluate the antioxidant activity of leaves of lantana camara by maceration techniques with ethanol, pet-ether, and chloroform as solvent. Phytochemical analysis confirms the presence of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, phenolics which contribute to its pharmacological effects with ethanol extract showing the most abundant phytoconstituents. The antioxidant activity was assessed using UV Spectrophotometer by hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging assay at 230nm. Result: The ethanolic extract exhibited a dose-dependent pattern of antioxidant action, attaining 69.3% inhibition at 30 µg/mL as opposed to 81.0% for standard ascorbic acid. Conclusion: These studies suggest that the leaves of Lantana camara have significant antioxidant activity and its leaf extracts can be used as a source of natural antioxidant and can be used as a natural source of herbal drugs.
Electrospinning is a technique used in the development of drug delivery systems. It involves the use of an electric field to produce fibers of varying diameters. These fibers have unique characteristics that make them ideal for drug delivery, including stability, biocompatibility, and increased solubility of poorly soluble drugs. An overview of the electrospinning method and its uses in the pharmaceutical sector are given in this review study. Covered are the many forms of electrospinning, the properties that influence nanofibers, and the makeup of nanofibers. The use of electrospun nanofibers in pharmaceutical applications, such as pH-dependent, targeted, and customized drug delivery systems, is also covered in the review. There is discussion of the advantages of electrospun nanofibers, including their enhanced solubility and higher bioavailability. One cutting-edge technique that has showed promise in the creation of innovative medication delivery systems is electrospinning. Because of their special properties, electrospun nanofibers are perfect for applications involving the delivery of drugs. Highlighting the advantages of electrospun nanofibers, this article gives a general overview of the electrospinning process and its uses in the pharmaceutical sector.
Cassia tora Linn is a yearly herbaceous plant recognized for its potential medicinal and agricultural value. This plant is characterized by its pinnate leaves, bright yellow flowers, and cylindrical, flattened pods containing dark seeds. It thrives in tropical climates and is often found in wastelands, roadsides, and fields, where it grows as a weed. The plant has historically been utilised in several medical systems, including Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), for its wide range of therapeutic properties. It has been reported to have anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-viral, and hepatoprotective effects. The seeds, leaves, and roots are utilized for their pharmacological activities, including treating skin disorders, liver diseases, and respiratory issues. In some cultures, it is used as a purgative and for treating dysentery. Cassia tora is also studied for its potential as a bio-pesticide and green manure due to its nitrogen-fixing properties, which enhance soil fertility. The plant has been of interest for sustainable agricultural practices, as it can help manage soil quality and control weeds in various agroecosystems. Phytochemically, Cassia tora contains various active compounds, such as anthraquinones, flavonoids, alkaloids, and glycosides, contributing to its medicinal properties. Despite its potential benefits, its toxicity in high doses and the need for careful use in medicine have been subjects of ongoing research. Overall, Cassia tora Linn is a versatile plant with a range of potential applications in agriculture and medicine. Further studies on its pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and sustainable cultivation practices are crucial for maximizing its benefits while minimizing adverse effects.
Ipomoea mauritiana Jacq. is traditionally used in herbal medicine for the management of inflammatory conditions, but scientific validation of its activity remains scanty. This paper, therefore, reports an evaluation of the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanolic tuber extract of I. mauritiana using an egg albumin denaturation method. The tuber powder was extracted using Soxhlet extraction with 80% ethanol; the crude extract was assayed at 100–500µg/mL concentration, with diclofenac sodium as the standard. The extract inhibited protein denaturation in a dose-dependent manner, with a percentage of inhibition ranging from 21% to 70%, while the standard, diclofenac, inhibited the denaturation within the same concentrations by 36–76%. The IC₅₀ value of the extract and standard was calculated as 333µg/mL and 241µg/mL, respectively. Thus, the results show that I. mauritiana exhibits significant anti-inflammatory activity to support its traditional use; however, further in vivo studies and phytochemical investigations are required to understand the active principles and establish the therapeutic potential of this plant.
Additive manufacturing, commonly referred to as Pharmaceutics 3D Printing, has become a ground-breaking technology with significant ramifications for the pharmaceutical industry. Pharmaceutics 3D Printing has the potential to revolutionize pharmaceutical manufacturing and patient care by making it possible to precisely fabricate intricate drug delivery systems and tailored therapeutics. This overview explores the fundamentals, methods, supplies, and uses of Pharmaceutics 3D Printing in the pharmaceutical industry. It also examines the difficulties and potential applications of this technology, emphasizing how it can improve drug administration and individualized treatment plans. These restrictions may be overcome by three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, which can be used to quickly create customized tissue, fix tissue flaws in situ using cells, and even print organs and tissue directly. By adding materials one after the other, digital fabrication technology—also known as additive manufacturing or Pharmaceutics 3D Printing—makes tangible items from geometric representations. It is expanding quickly and is employed in a variety of fields, including the defense and aviation industries. Pharmaceutics 3D Printing's applications in surgery, the pharmaceutical industry, disease modeling, the creation of personalized implants and prostheses, organ printing, veterinary medicine, and tissue engineering have all been described. This new technique is contrasted with more conventional approaches in the biomedical field.
The current study aims to create effervescent tablets of Glipizide that offer better elegance, comfort, and improved drug performance in treating diabetes compared to traditional tablets. Three versions of the effervescent Glipizide tablets (5mg each) were made using different combinations of ingredients. Using the wet granulation method, 60 tablets were made for each version, each weighing 700mg. The physical properties of both the granules and tablets were tested using established methods. Tests like angle of repose, Hausner ratio, Carr's index, loss on drying, and moisture content showed that the granules had good flow and compressibility. However, tests related to physical appearance and drug content did not clearly show which of the three tablet versions the best was. The friability of the tablets was 0. 71%, which is within the acceptable range set by USP? The average time it took for the tablets to break down was between 95 and 105 seconds. The potency test showed that F1 had 95%, F2 had 88%, and F3 had 97% of the expected drug content. The drug release followed a straight line over time. After 1.5hours, F3 released the highest amount of the drug, at 59%, showing better solubility. Since Glipizide is a drug that dissolves poorly in water, the effervescent tablet may help with the breakdown and release of the drug, leading to better absorption in the body.
Phyllanthus emblica L., also recognized as Indian gooseberry or Amla, is a time-honored medicinal plant in Ayurveda, traditionally acclaimed for promoting vitality, digestion, and longevity. Owing to its rich composition of biologically active constituents—such as emblicanin A and B, ellagic acid, gallic acid, and flavonoids—this plant has been found to exhibit significant pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. With the evolving focus of translational medicine on applying laboratory research to clinical contexts, P. emblica has emerged as a promising candidate for multi-target therapeutic development. This review offers a cross-disciplinary synthesis of traditional Ayurvedic principles and recent biomedical findings to evaluate the medicinal relevance of P. emblica in modern healthcare. Scientific investigations have demonstrated its capability to regulate key molecular pathways such as NF-κB, MAPK, and PI3K/Akt, underscoring its potential in addressing a variety of complex disorders, including metabolic syndromes, neurodegenerative diseases, liver dysfunctions, and certain cancers. Furthermore, its influence on gut microbiota and immune system modulation offers new insights into its systemic benefits. Recent advancements in pharmaceutical technologies, including nanoformulations and phytosome-based delivery systems, have enhanced the bioavailability and targeted efficacy of its active compounds. Findings from clinical studies further confirm the safety and therapeutic viability of P. emblica, facilitating its transition from traditional herbal use to scientifically validated medicine. This article aims to bridge ancestral herbal knowledge with contemporary research by exploring the phytochemistry, molecular mechanisms, and clinical applications of P. emblica. It concludes with a discussion on current research limitations and prospects, highlighting the need for integrative, systems-biology-driven investigations. In doing so, it positions P. emblica as a pivotal natural agent in the landscape of personalized and integrative medicine.
This study aims to formulate and evaluate creams from extract of Tridax procumbens Linn. In The present study ethanolic extract of Tridax procumbens Linn, was extracted using Soxhlet extraction. The extract was screened for phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins. The antifungal activity of the cream against Aspergillus niger was tested by studying the zone of inhibition using dextrose agar media and has showed strong antifungal activity against the chosen fungus strain. T. procumbens leaf extract and its cream could be used as a safe and effective choice of drugs to treat skin infections because of its potent antifungal efficacy, less harmful, and less likely to lead drug resistance. Further assessment was conducted to determine the physical properties and stability of the cream. The study aims to identify the optimal formulation of the cream.
The African Milk Tree, Euphorbia trigona, is a fast-growing succulent that is extensively grown as an attractive plant and is native to Central Africa. Its unique morphology—upright triangular stems, paired spines, and tiny, fleeting leaves—contributes to its appeal in xeriscape and indoor gardening. The plant has a milky latex that is typical of the Euphorbiaceae family and can irritate skin and eyes. It also shows a remarkable resistance to drought. E. trigona's commercial significance in horticulture is supported by its ease of propagation by stem cuttings. Its physiological adaptations to dry conditions, possible applications of its latex chemicals, and ecological value in dryland habitats are the main areas of current attention.
Clinical studies are increasingly using medical imaging. AI tools and imaging biomarker calculation are later incorporated in the clinical trial setting to decrease radiological reading times and provide objectivity to the assessment of new therapy response. Clinical trial risk assessment is increasingly using artificial intelligence (AI) to increase efficiency and safety. 142 papers published between 2013 and 2024 were examined in this scoping review, with an emphasis on operational (n = 45), efficacious (n = 46), and safety (n = 55) risk prediction. For tasks including phase transition prediction, treatment impact estimation, and adverse drug event prediction, artificial intelligence (AI) approaches such as causal machine learning, deep learning (e.g., transformers, graph neural networks), and classical machine learning are employed. These techniques make use of a variety of data sources, including patient information, scholarly articles, clinical trial protocols, and molecular structures. Applications for large language models (LLMs) have increased recently; in 2023, they were used in 7 out of 33 research. While some models achieve excellent performance (AUROC up to 96%), difficulties are still, including selection bias, limited prospective research, and data quality issues. Notwithstanding these drawbacks, AI-based risk assessment has a lot of potential to revolutionise clinical trials, especially by enhancing risk-based monitoring systems. The final half of the 1.5–2.0 billion USD, 10–15-year development cycle for a single new medicine is spent on clinical trials. As a result, a failed clinical trial costs between 800 million and 1.4 billion USD, including the preclinical development expenses in addition to the trial's investment. Only one out of ten compounds that enter a clinical trial make it to market, which is due to poor recruiting and patient cohort selection strategies as well as ineffective patient monitoring during trials. We describe how current developments in artificial intelligence (AI) can be applied to improve trial success rates by reshaping important clinical trial design phases.
High blood glucose levels caused by deficits in either insulin action or synthesis, or both, are a hallmark of diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disorder. The two primary types of diabetes are Type 1 diabetes, an autoimmune condition that kills beta cells that make insulin, and Type 2 diabetes, which is mostly caused by insulin resistance and insufficient insulin production. Diabetes is becoming more and more common worldwide, mostly as a result of lifestyle choices like obesity, poor food, and inactivity. Diabetes can cause major side effects like blindness, kidney failure, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease if it is not controlled. In order to lessen the burden of diabetes, preventive measures are essential. These consist of lifestyle changes such eating a healthy diet, exercising frequently, controlling one's weight, and identifying people who are at risk early. Fighting the rising diabetes epidemic requires public health programs that emphasize healthcare access, education, and awareness. This review summarizes the pathophysiology, risk factors, and preventative strategies of diabetes mellitus, emphasizing the importance of early intervention and lifestyle modifications.
The pharmaceutical industry operates within a highly regulated environment to ensure that medicines are safe, effective, and of high quality. Regulatory Affairs (RA) is a critical function that oversees compliance with national and international laws and guidelines throughout the drug development and marketing process. Regulatory professionals serve as the key link between pharmaceutical companies and health authorities, such as the US FDA, EMA, CDSCO, PMDA, and others, by preparing and submitting dossiers, obtaining product approvals, and maintaining post-approval compliance. This review article explores the multifaceted role of regulatory affairs in the pharmaceutical sector. It outlines how RA contributes at each stage of the product lifecycle from early-stage development and clinical trials to regulatory submissions, labeling, marketing authorization, and pharmacovigilance. The article also examines various regulatory pathways including New Drug Applications (NDA), Abbreviated NDAs (ANDA), and Biological License Applications (BLA), along with global initiatives such as the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) and Common Technical Document (CTD/eCTD) formats that support harmonized submissions. In recent years, the regulatory landscape has undergone rapid changes due to the increasing complexity of drug molecules, the emergence of biologics and personalized medicine, and the integration of digital technologies in healthcare. Regulatory Affairs is adapting to these changes through enhanced digital tools, AI-driven documentation systems, and more collaborative regulatory frameworks. However, challenges persist, including regional regulatory differences, lengthy approval timelines, and evolving compliance standards. By providing a comprehensive overview of the current practices, challenges, and future directions, this review emphasizes the indispensable role of Regulatory Affairs in bringing safe and effective pharmaceutical products to market while ensuring patient safety and public health.
Messenger RNA (mRNA) technology, which has attracted considerable attention because of new vaccines for COVID-19, is now being explored for new treatment possibilities outside of infectious disease. One of the most tantalizing uses of mRNA technology is mRNA therapeutics for treating and modulating autoimmune disease. Autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and type 1 diabetes, occur because of aberrant immune immune responses that attack self-tissue. Standard treatment for autoimmune disease is generally a form of broad immunosuppression that can have unwanted side effects and increased risk of infection. mRNA technology offers a more target and potentially safer way to direct cells to produce therapeutic proteins that promote immune tolerance or modulate inflammatory pathways. Recent preclinical and early clinical studies demonstrate that mRNA constructs are capable of selectively modulating immune responses, either by encoding tolerogenic antigens or cytokine regulators, or by submitting cell specific peptides. The mRNA platform also allows for rapid customization and scaling of therapies, which represents a significant opportunity for developing personalized therapies built around each patient’s specific immunologic profile. There are still hurdles related to improving delivery systems, sustaining durability of response, and limiting off-target effects, however, enhancements in lipid nanoparticle formulations and in the engineering of mRNA sequences are quickly resolving these issues. As the field continues to advance, mRNA targeted therapies can potentially revolutionize care of autoimmune diseases and give hope for prolonged periods of remission with improved quality of life outcomes. This review will summarize the current state of the art, recent advances, and future potential of mRNA therapeutics in the care of autoimmune disease.
Wild sage, or Lantana camara var. aculeata Moldenke, is a woody perennial plant that grows naturally in tropical and subtropical areas. It was first brought to India as a decorative plant, but it has since spread far and invaded a variety of environments. The morphology, reproductive biology, phytochemical composition, traditional usage, and wide range of medicinal activity of the plant are all well covered in this review. In preclinical research, several L. camara extracts have shown strong antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, and antiparasitic properties. Its medicinal qualities are influenced by substances like triterpenoids, flavonoids, oleanonic acid, and essential oils. To improve distribution and efficacy, formulations such as gels, ointments, nanogels, and transdermal patches have been created. However, despite these promising activities, toxicological studies reveal potential risks at high doses, including hepatotoxicity, immunosuppression, and alterations in biochemical parameters, particularly in animal models. Morphological and phytochemical variations due to polyploidy and geographic origin add complexity to its standardization. Future research must focus on isolating bioactive constituents, understanding mechanisms of action, evaluating long-term safety, and conducting human clinical trials. While L. camara holds vast therapeutic promise, responsible use requires a balance between efficacy and safety, particularly when considering its integration into modern and traditional medicine.
