The injector functions to atomize the fuel into the engine's pressurized combustion chamber with a control mechanism that allows regulation of the amount of fuel atomized into the combustion chamber. Incomplete combustion of the injector is indicated by the appearance of black smoke in the chimney. The research method used in this thesis is qualitative. Data sources were obtained from primary and secondary data collection. Data collection techniques through observation, interviews, literature study and documentation. The data analysis technique used in this research is the shell method. They were testing the validity of the data using the triangulation method. The research results stated that the factors causing less than optimal performance on the injector were the discovery of crust on the tip of the nozzle, the nozzle and spring being damaged, the working hours on the injector had exceeded the limit, the quality of the fuel was not good, and there was water and mud content. The efforts include checking and testing the injectors, always carrying out a planned maintenance system according to the manual book and improving the fuel quality from the presence of water and mud content by running a purifier
This research assesses the readiness of the Navy fleet supply system for digital transformation using the 7S McKinsey framework. The Delphi method was employed to identify critical success factors (CSFs), validated using the Content Validity Index (CVI), while the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method determined the relative importance of the criteria, and the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solutions (TOPSIS) method was used to rank the readiness for digital transformation. The research identified 10 critical success factors, with staff (0.232), skills (0.212), style (0.162), and systems (0.135) receiving the highest weights in the AHP analysis. The TOPSIS method ranked the criteria in terms of availability (0.849), infrastructure (0.845), responsiveness (0.827), and reliability (0.809), among others. The overall readiness score was 0.741, indicating a "ready" level of preparedness for digital transformation. This research provides valuable contributions by offering a policy framework for the Indonesian Navy (TNI AL) in fleet development, informing the TNI AL's 2025-2029 strategic plan, and demonstrating the application of the 7S McKinsey framework in the military sector.
This paper presents an innovative approach to improve the safety of ship mooring operations by applying an advanced risk assessment model that utilizes Bayesian networks and real-time data processing. The proposed system expands the number of risk parameters considered, including wind speed, current speed and crew fatigue, and utilizes artificial intelligence (AI) to dynamically update risk levels. The system is an end-to-end solution that integrates multiple data sources to provide continuous risk monitoring, reduce human error and improve decision-making during mooring operations. Case studies demonstrate significant reductions in critical incidents and overall operational risk.
Collisions between ships and cetaceans are a major environmental concern, as they result in the loss of umbrella species, causing significant environmental damage. Several studies relating vessel speed to lethality, reduced collision probability, increased response capacity, and other factors have been conducted to date. To further our understanding of the interaction between different types of vessels and cetaceans, this document calculates the geometric probability of collision between vessels and cetaceans that may appear within their surveillance area while in navigation route, applying nautical principles of naval kinematics and maneuvering board. It also provides the equation for calculating the horizontal surveillance angle, considering the probability of a collision with a cetacean. Finally, it provides a calculation of the maximum increase factor of the probability of collision with respect to the reduction of speed and calculates a vulnerability index for each vessel, based on the probability of collision within the cetacean-protected area.
The increasing need for infrastructure to solve communication problems between territories motivates the development of new techniques to find the better solution, taking into account technical, economic, safety and serviceability criteria. One of the most used structural type to design submerged structures has been the arches, which design involves several variables to meet the aforementioned requirements.The design of such structures was traditionally focused in their funicular or moment less shapes. Past works, shown that for intermediate depth ratios, the funicular shape of a submerged arch has a form between the ellipse and parabola conic curves.Later, some authors have proposed to involve in the design of these structures other aspects as the enclosed airspace to improve their serviceability, in addition to the arches mechanical behavior. For this purpose, they proposed to parameterize thecurves that defined the shapes of the submerged arches and use metaheuristics to find the shape of the most appropriate solution for the submerged arches according with these criteria.These processes traditionally also require the implementation of a finite element model and the corresponding parametric function to evaluate the mechanical behavior of these structures. Since this process may be greatly simplified by using machine learning, this opens a new path to be considered in the design of these types of structures.In this work, the methodologies to design submerged arches type structures are presented. To this aim, three different parametric functions are considered: conics, elliptics and Bézier curves, and a proposal of surrogate model are presented.
Information systems, integrated with the internet, cloud computing, mobile devices, and the Internet of Things, have led to the generation of vast amounts of data, commonly known as big data. This includes a combination of structured, semi-structured, and unstructured real-time data, encompassing data warehouses, OLAP, ETL, and information systems. Both business firms and academics have developed innovative methods to extract value from big data. There is significant potential in leveraging large datasets as an additional input for decision-making. This paper aims to explore the role of big data in these areas for better decision-making. It investigates how big data can be utilized for smart, real-time decision-making to improve business outcomes. The paper conducts a literature review and secondary data analysis to provide a conceptual overview of the opportunities that big data presents in decision-making. It discusses the concept of big data, its role in decision-making, and the competitive advantages it offers to different firms. Additionally, the paper outlines a framework for managing data in the decision-making process. This topic is crucial for firms to make better decisions, contributing to the generation of high-quality knowledge.
This study explores the demographic profile of maritime educators and investigates the influence of school heads’ instructional leadership practices on key educational outcomes and performance recognition. Addressing the need for stronger leadership frameworks in maritime education, the study employed a descriptive-correlational research design, with data collected from 181 maritime educators across various institutions. The majority of respondents were young and single, held advanced academic degrees, and primarily taught at the college level. A balance of early-career and experienced professionals was observed, with most holding the rank of Officer-in-Charge of a Navigational Watch (OIC-NW), indicating practical operational expertise. To assess the impact of leadership practices, the study utilized Multiple Linear Regression analysis. Findings revealed that teaching strategies significantly predicted the clarity of institutional goals, while learner engagement, assessment practices, and curriculum implementation were key determinants of a strong professional culture. Instructional support was most strongly influenced by professional growth and development, curriculum implementation, and assessment practices. Performance recognition was significantly predicted by assessment practices and professional growth, with curriculum implementation also contributing meaningfully. The model for performance recognition was statistically significant (R² = 0.205, p < 0.001), explaining 20.5% of its variance. These findings underscore the critical role of targeted instructional leadership practices in enhancing institutional performance in maritime education. Fostering strong assessment systems, investing in continuous professional development, and effectively implementing curriculum strategies are vital for improving leadership outcomes. The study offers valuable insights for education policymakers and institutional leaders aiming to strengthen instructional leadership in maritime Industry.
Disruption to the hoist crane can cause delays in repairs and even potential work accidents. On the MV. Pacific Bulk, the hoist crane was damaged, causing it to be unable to lift the load according to the expected capacity and hampering the main engine cylinder liner overhaul process. This research aims to identify the causes of damage, its impact on ship operations, as well as effective repair strategies to improve safety and operational efficiency on board ships. The research method used is qualitative. Data collection techniques through observation, interviews, documentation and literature study. The data analysis technique used in this research is the Root Cause Analysis method with a 5 why approach. Data validity testing uses the triangulation method. The research results showed that the hoist crane damage to the MV. Pacific Bulk is caused by several main factors, such as excessive vibration due to worn bearings, harsh sounds due to hard clutch rubber, and the inability to lift workloads due to wear of the reduction gear. Based on these findings, repair efforts include replacing bearings and clutch rubber, as well as routine maintenance and lubrication of the reduction gear. This implementation is to minimize operational disruption and improve work safety so that the cylinder liner overhaul process can run smoothly and optimally in the future.
The maritime industry, which handles nearly 90% of global trade, plays a significant role in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, contributing about 3% to the global total. With growing international efforts to tackle climate change, the sector must turn to sustainable fuel alternatives. Biofuels have gained attention as a viable option, offering considerable emission reductions while relying on renewable resources. Nevertheless, their widespread adoption faces several hurdles, including economic feasibility, sustainable feedstock supply, and the need for technological advancements. This article provides an in-depth review of recent literature on the future of biofuels in maritime transport. It explores both the challenges and opportunities linked to biofuel adoption, stressing the importance of a holistic approach that includes research and development, policy backing, industry cooperation, and raising public awareness. By addressing these key areas, the maritime sector can move towards a more sustainable and resilient future, significantly lowering its environmental impact and supporting global climate objectives.
The Port of Makassar is the largest port in eastern Indonesia. It serves as a terminal for containers, multipurpose cargo, vehicles, and passengers, while also providing services for handling dry and wet bulk loads. Among these, dry bulk cargo is the most dominant commodity, accounting for over 60% of the total goods flow. This study aims to examine the performance of the dry bulk terminal at the Port of Makassar following its merger with PT. Pelabuhan Indonesia, focusing on its impact on financial performance. The research employed descriptive qualitative methods with a six-month observation period starting in April 2022. The results indicate a significant increase in the loading and unloading services for dry bulk commodities such as soybeans, fertilizer, and wheat at the Port of Makassar. Furthermore, fluctuations in dry bulk terminal management revenue were observed, with growth rates recorded at 5.44% in 2018, 12.27% in 2019, 4.77% in 2020, and 10.90% in 2021. In conclusion, there is substantial potential for managing dry bulk commodities at the Port of Makassar.
A fish house is a place where fish associate, where some fish that live in nature tend to be in one location with territorial behavior. The loss of a number of coral reefs in coastal areas that function as fish houses has resulted in a reduction in the number of marine resources. Fishing locations are also increasingly limited. Through the application of appropriate technology, modified fish houses that also function as coral transplantation media, it is hoped that the number of fish catches and other fishery products such as octopus, cuttlefish, squid and others will continue to increase. The steps taken in this study were to create a design, an initial survey in determining the fishing ground point, then create a structure, the placement process, and monitor the development of the use of the structure made. Monitoring at the final stage was carried out to measure the effectiveness of this appropriate technology.
Life does not exist without water. Human life starts and ends with water. Travels along with the humankind in their life journey. In literature it is signified as a source of rebirth and even death as reflected by many poets, novelists and playwrights in their works. Journey occurs across the globe and in literature it starts from ancient and present days. Our eminent Nigerian author Buchi Emecheta recognized for her literary works which as theses of identity, resilience, struggles and adversity. Buchi Emecheta’s narrative style reflects the inner voices of a women who is in the patriarchal society. Emecheta’s protagonist connects their life journey through waterways, where they have a thought of freedom from male dominated society, better education and want to uplift their life style through empowerment. This paper tells how Buchi Emecheta’s narratives express the connection between marine life and woman’s search for identity, struggle of personal adversity and colonial impacts in their own lives.
An often unrecognized area is the plight of sailors transporting much of our goods worldwide. They set out for a life of adventure on the high seas, usually driven by economic necessity. However, they occasionally fall prey to unscrupulous ship owners, agents and consortiums of ship managers. The paper focuses on two main areas: the plight of the Indian sailor trapped on ships in foreign ports, with little access to food and water, and his promised wages. The sailor often does not leave his subhuman conditions as he has not yet received promised wages and is unclear about the law. Many sailors, thus trapped, suffer from both short and long-term mental and physical health problems that are brought about by the innocent seafarer, some even contemplating suicide. The paper adopts a multi-disciplinary approach in examining these effects on humans who serve on ships, submarines, in space, or even in restricted spaces in an urban setting. The greater tragedy is that regulators' and governments' roles are often unclear, leaving trapped seafarers to their fate and chance.
Supply chain risk mitigation for trash fish of the Tuna type involves efforts to minimize risks in its production and distribution. This can be achieved through traceability and sustainability measures in the fishery supply chain management system. Various strategies can be implemented to mitigate these risks effectively. This research aims to identify and mitigate supply chain risks in the Trash fish industry using the House of Risk (HOR) method. The process begins by mapping all business activities to identify potential risks. The study recommends investment in agencies to reduce risks along seafood supply chains. Additionally, it discusses traceability schemes and the supply chain of Trash fish in Indonesian fishing ports. In wild seafood supply chains, the process starts with producers and ends with consumers through various intermediaries. The research findings identified 13 risk events and 16 risk agents in the supply chain, particularly at fish auctions. Based on the analysis of three dominant risk agents, seven mitigation actions were proposed. Furthermore, four key mitigation strategies were identified, ensuring effectiveness in reducing supply chain risks. These strategies play a crucial role in enhancing sustainability and stability within the Trash fish supply chain, benefiting both producers and consumers.
This research work presents a full Python-based simulation framework for the prevention of maritime Collision Prevention through the incorporation of advanced computational techniques along with interactive game design principles. The current study explores novel approaches to deal with significant challenges in the maritime domain through a complex 2D ship Collision Prevention simulation. It uses cutting-edge technologies, such as Pygame, advanced mathematical modeling, and object-oriented programming, in order to establish a novel methodology in the analysis and mitigation of collision risks in maritime environments.Complex physical interactions are introduced in this simulation framework using algorithms for real-time collision detection and dynamic visualization to simulate ship movement and collision. The Ship class has a robust implementation and advanced mechanisms of collision responses. A realistic maritime interaction dynamics model, event-driven architecture of a game, completes the package.The study throws light on the possibility of enhancing maritime safety through computational methods, focusing on the important balance between technological innovation and human expertise. It will open new avenues for future research in maritime safety, artificial intelligence, and interactive computational modeling by providing a flexible and extensible platform for collision avoidance analysis.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly popular as a tool in the world of higher education, including in writing student papers. This article examines the phenomenon of using AI to support students' academic assignments, with a focus on the assistance provided in searching for literary sources, compiling ideas, analyzing data, and correcting grammar. Based on qualitative research through in-depth interviews with 107 students from various universities in Indonesia, it was found that AI not only makes the academic process easier but also raises ethical and pedagogical challenges. The research results show that the use of AI has a positive impact on increasing the efficiency and quality of writing papers. AI technologies such as ChatGPT and Grammarly help students organize ideas more systematically, find relevant reference sources, and ensure writing is free from grammatical errors. On the other hand, there are concerns that dependence on AI could reduce students' critical and analytical thinking abilities, as well as pose a risk to the authenticity of scientific work. This article provides recommendations for educational institutions to provide guidance and training regarding the ethical use of AI in academic writing. With clear guidance, AI can be utilized optimally to support student skill development without reducing the originality and creativity of their written work. It is hoped that this article will provide insight to students, lecturers, and educational policymakers regarding the role of AI in higher education in the digital era.
With an area of 71% of the Earth's surface, seas and oceans are truly the cradle of human life. However, the greater the role of seas and oceans, the greater the value and benefits that countries receive from seas and oceans, which means that seas and oceans are suffering from pollution that is increasing in severity, and one of the causes is pollution caused by plastic waste. As one of Vietnam's 28 coastal provinces with many fishing ports and beautiful beaches, Quang Binh Province is facing many challenges brought about by marine environmental pollution from plastic waste. This article will focus on an overview of marine environmental pollution from plastic waste in Quang Binh Province, Vietnam, identifying sources of plastic waste, causes of marine pollution from plastic waste, and harmful effects of marine environmental pollution from plastic waste; analyzing the efforts of Quang Binh Province, Vietnam, in preventing marine environmental pollution from plastic waste; and thereby proposing a number of solutions to improve the effectiveness of preventing marine environmental pollution in this locality. Articles using secondary data are books, articles, reports, statutes, domestic and international laws, etc.
The maritime safety of Bangladesh is significantly deteriorating due to recurrent passenger vessel accidents. This study is aimed to perform a comprehensive characteristics analysis of passenger vessel accidents during 2008 to 2022. The accident data is collected from Department of Shipping and Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Authority. The analysis is performed by using Microsoft Excel and Geographical Information System (GIS) software, and the results are presented in graphical forms. The annual and month-wise distribution of accidents, accident types, involved vessel types, distribution of fatalities based on types of foundered vessels, location, and temporal distribution of accidents are analyzed in this study. The results indicate that accidents involving passenger vessels are responsible for 93.9% of overall fatalities due to maritime accidents in Bangladesh. Besides, during only four months i.e. February, March, May and December more than half of total fatalities involving passenger vessel accidents occur. Furthermore, collision is identified as the predominant cause of passenger vessel accidents and fatalities. Additionally, passenger launch is identified as the predominant type of passenger vessel responsible for significant proportion of accidents and fatalities. At the end of the study, several recommendations are proposed those are immensely imperative for mitigation of passenger vessel accidents in Bangladesh.
The rapid digitalization of the maritime industry necessitates a transformative approach to maritime education that integrates language learning, technical training, and sustainability principles. This study investigates the application of Multimodal Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) in Sustainable Maritime Education, focusing on the role of disruptive technologies such as AI-driven adaptive learning systems, augmented reality (AR), and digital simulations. A mixed-methods research design was employed to evaluate the effectiveness of technology enhanced CLIL in fostering maritime cadets’ language proficiency, technical competency, and sustainability awareness. Findings indicate that multimodal CLIL significantly improves engagement, comprehension, and knowledge retention, equipping future seafarers with the necessary skills for modern maritime operations. AI-driven adaptive learning enhances personalized instruction, AR simulations provide immersive technical training, and digital platforms facilitate real-time language acquisition. These technological advancements contribute to a more effective and sustainable pedagogical model that aligns with global maritime standards. The study underscores the need for maritime academies to integrate multimodal CLIL with disruptive technologies to develop future-ready seafarers. Further research is recommended to explore long-term impacts and scalability across diverse maritime training institutions.
Introduction: Seafarers are a group that is particularly vulnerable to musculoskeletal disorders due to the specific characteristics of their work and the adverse conditions in which they carry out their professional activities. Objective: To describe the musculoskeletal problems arising from professional activities in seafarers in the Region of Murcia (Spain). Methodology: This is an observational analytical case-control study in which professional divers were defined as the exposed group (cases) and fishermen as the unexposed group or controls. Results: in the analysis of the occupational pathologies suffered by these two groups of maritime workers, we observed that 152 (50.8%) responded in the survey that they had suffered joint problems in the last year in some of the eight groups of musculoskeletal areas analysed, with this being more frequent in divers than in fishermen, 59 (57.8%) and 93 (47.2%) respectively. Only 33 subjects reported having suffered work disability in the last year, representing 11% of the total sample and 21.7% of those who reported having suffered musculoskeletal pathology. Analysing these work incapacities by activity, it is more frequent in divers, 14 (13.7%), compared to fishermen, who present 19 (9.6%) cases, p=0.286. Conclusions: Exposure to professional diving is significantly associated with a higher probability of presenting musculoskel pathologies compared to other maritime workers, namely fishermen. Keywords: musculoskeletal, divers, sailors, seafarers.
