Sustainable agriculture plays a vital role in the economies of both under-developed and developed countries.This role is more vital for agricultural countries.The first task is to achieve a state of food security for all the population through sustainable agriculture.Sustainable agriculture includes the investment of available natural resources, the employment of all potential opportunities for the rural population, and agricultural raw materials to increase agricultural exports in order to reduce the balance of payments deficit.The purpose of the study is to examine the relationship between selected variables that shared between sustainable agriculture by its indicators and food security by its determinants in Hungary in the long term, the descriptive analysis.This study was based on data collection and information that helps to accurately describe the problem and analyze it, will be used to deliver accurate results.The historical approach will be used to identify and analyze the reasons for the relationships among the variables, as well as the study of their direction and growth; the collected data was subjected for analysis by using Gretl program (version, 2017).Results were summarised cointegration relations to examine the relationship between the variables, using VAR model, the study analyzed the dynamic relationship between Macroeconomic variables which have been chosen to be the link between sustainable agriculture and food security by the selection of some indicators of sustainable agriculture (Emission gas Greenhouse, Fertilizers consumption, Organic Farming, Agriculture Area).
Soil salinization is a global problem which restricts the choice of crops for cultivation.Management and reclamation of saline soils using costly and time-consuming methods such as the installation of drainage systems are beyond the reach of poor farmers.Therefore, it is crucial to look for alternate crops which are more salt-tolerant.One such crop is quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa W.), which has high nutritious value and capacity to grow in marginal conditions.As crops vary in their tolerance to salinity, they need to be evaluated for different salinity conditions.This study was conducted to evaluate five quinoa genotypes (ICBA-Q1, ICBA-Q2), ICBA-Q3, ICBA-Q4 and ICBA-Q5) for their salinity tolerance under four artificially induced salinity (5, 10, 15, 20 dS m -1 ) levels.The parameters studied were the rate of seed germination, plant height, dry biomass, nutritional content and grain yield.The results indicate that salinity had an inhibitory effect on all parameters.Out of 5 quinoa genotypes, ICBA-Q3 and ICBA-Q4 proved more salt-tolerant under saline conditions concerning dry biomass and grain yield and nutritional contents.Therefore these two genotypes are recommended to farmers for large-scale adaptation in the salt-affected areas of Ethiopia.
Kayu Putih is one of the essential types of non-timber forest products in Indonesia.The planting space betweenKayu Putih has the potential to the annual crop cultivation; one of them is the soybean.The soybean problem intercropped with Kayu Putih has low productivity.This study aimed to know the effects of the plant spacing, Rhizobium japonicum inoculations, and main stem tip pruning on soybean.The experiment was conducted during January-April 2015 in Menggoran Forest Resort, Playen District, Gunung Kidul Regency, Special Province of Yogyakarta, Indonesia.The experimental design used the Randomized Complete Block (RCB) design with three blocks as replications.The first factor was plant spacing consisting of 50 x 20 cm, 70 x 90 cm, and 90 x 20 cm.The second factor was the R. japonicum inoculations without inoculations and with inoculations.The third factor was the main stem tip pruning on soybean without main stem tip pruning and with main stem tip pruning.The data were analyzed by using ANOVA α 5% and continued with DMRT test α 5%.The results showed no interaction between plant spacing, R. japonicum inoculations, and central steam tip pruning on soybean.Plant spacing of 90 x 20 cm was revealed as the highest value of seed weight per hectare (0.81 tons.ha -1 ) compared to the 70 x 20 cm and 50 x 20 cm spacing.R. japonicum inoculations showed a higher value of seed weight per hectare (0.68 tons.ha -1 ) than inoculations without R. japonicum did.Meanwhile, main stem tip pruning on soybean had no significant difference on seed weight per hectare of soybean; there was an improvement in the soil quality properties at the end of the research on the soybean intercropping with Kayu Putih.
The tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) is the most popular beverage plant in the world because of its high bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties contained in its shoots.The productivity of tea shoots highly depends certain factors, including fertilization.In a commercial tea plantation, the application of N fertilizer plays essential roles in determining the productivity of tea shoots.It is commonly implemented by mixing N with organic + inorganic liquid fertilizer.However, the response of tea plant to N fertilizer varies depending on its requirement and climate condition.This study investigated the effect of Nitrogen addition in organic + inorganic liquid fertilizer on the productivity of tea shoots in different seasonal periods.The observation parameters consisted of five indicators, namely shoot number, shoot length, shoot elongation rate, shoot fresh weight, and shoot dry weight.Randomized complete block design using overseason was set up with three blocks.Each block was occupied by five different treatments, namely control, no addition N, addition 2.33 g N, addition 7.00 g N, and 11.67 g N. Data analysis was conducted using ANOVA (5%) and followed with HSD Tukey (5%).Results demonstrated that there was a significant difference in the productivity of tea shoots in every treatment.The application of 3000 ppm organic + inorganic liquid fertilizer without Nitrogen addition performed the best outcome than others.This treatment significantly increased the productivity of fresh weight shoots around 56.34% (24.14-ton ha -1 year -1 ) higher than the control treatment (10.54 ton ha -1 year -1 ).Interestingly, it also highly improved the production of dry weight shoots by around 61.51% (4.8 ton ha -1 year -1 ) greater than the control treatment (1.84 ton ha -1 year -1 ).Thus, it was recommended to replace the conventional fertilization that was commonly implemented in the tea plantation with low productivity.
Smallholder farmers mostly maintain small-scale fattening beef cattle farms in Indonesia.The ownership system of beef cattle in smallholder farmers consists of the self-ownership system and the partnership system.This research study aims to analyze the factors that were affecting the profit of small-scale of the beef cattle farmers in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia.The research study conducted at 4 (four) regencies in Special Region of Yogyakarta, those are Gunung Kidul Regency, Bantul Regency, Kulonprogo Regency, and Sleman Regency, purposively.Respondents that became the sample of this research study were 240 persons, consisting of 120 self-ownership farmers and 120 partnership farmers fattening type; selecting the samples using the Quota Sampling method.Data were analyzed using Unit Output Price (UOP) Cobb Douglas Profit Function.The results showed that the profit of small-scale of beef cattle farmers with self-ownership systems in Special Region of Yogyakarta was higher than the beef cattle farmers with partnership system.Factors that influenced the profit of small-scale beef cattle farmers negatively included depreciation cost of barn and equipment, the price of calves (fattening cattle), the price of forage feed, price of concentrate feed, and wage labor.The added value of the five variables tends to reduce the profits obtained by the farmers.While the factors that influenced positively were the variable of the amount of beef cattle production, type of beef cattle, and cattle ownership system, the addition of the number and fulfillment of the three variables would increase the profit of beef cattle farmers.
Goat livestock inJeneponto Regency is one of the livestock species that are in high demand by the community and is one of the leading commodities, but the cultivation results from year to year have not shown a significant development due to the problems faced by farmers are limited feed and the role of farmer group organizations.The solution to overcome these problems is by formulating a complete feed from agricultural waste and strengthening institutional farmers through coaching.This study aims (1) to determine the level of adoption of comprehensive feed technology and (2) to determine the institutional group of goat farmers in Jeneponto Regency.The method used is descriptive research.From 11 districts in Jeneponto Regency, 3 districts were selected which had the largest goat population, Tamalatea District (34,828 tails), Bangkala West District (23,274 tails), and Bontoramba District (20,713 tails).Research samples from these 3 districts selected 25 people so that all of them were selected by 75 goat farmers.The sampling technique is simple random.Data collection was conducted through interviews, focus group discussions and using a Likert scale on every aspect measured, namely 1 = low, 2 = medium, 3 = high and analyzed descriptively statistically.The results showed that (1) the level of adoption of goat farmers on complete feed technology was in the high category namely availability of raw materials and complete feed fermentation, in the medium category namely mixing complete feed ingredients, while the low category was the availability of complete feed fermentation sites, and (2) evaluation of goat farmers on group institutions based on aspects of natural resources, aspects of human resources, aspects of financial resources, group organization, and group norms are in the high category.
The consciousness of soil development along with assessment uniformity of its parent materials is considerably needed for sustainable use of land resources, and adopt suitable techniques for land use management.Thus, the main objective of the current article is to shed light on and determine the total chemical content of titanium (Ti) and zirconium (Zr) elements and their relation to the soil's mineralogical composition as indicators for investigating soil profile uniformity and evolution.Twenty soil samples were collected from successive strata of five pedons which were selected within two geomorphological units constitute some soils south-east portion of El-Qattara depression (28 о 33'30" to 28 о 36'00"E; 30 о 05'33" to 30 о 09'10"N; 25 km 2 ).Soils could be classified into deep coarse-textured; Typic Torripsamments.Total (Ti) ranged from 139.42 to 1736.8 while total (Zr) was < 113 mg kg -1 in the studied soils.Frequency distribution of light minerals referred to the sovereignty of quartz followed by feldspars.Heavy minerals are dominated by non-opaques represented in amphiboles, pyroxenes, resistant and parametamorphic minerals.The correlation coefficient (r) between Titanium with Rutile, Titanium with Titanite, and Zirconium with Zircon (0.316), (0.151), and (-0.107), receptivity.Based on the result, pyroboles percentages were higher than resistant minerals proportions, indicating that the investigated soils are immature and weakly developed.Microscopic graphs clarified that sediments which constitute the studied soils are mostly transported by water from near source.Moreover, irregular distribution with depth for uniformity ratios, index figures, weathering ratios of the identified minerals along with (Zr) and (Ti) contents has reflected heterogeneity of soil parent materials forming the research area.These results have to put in consideration of the land use planner for agriculture to determine the most suitable soil management for sustaining those kinds of land resources for a more extended time of productivity.
Beef cattle business management through the teseng system must be well perceived by farmers so that they are motivated to carry out beef cattle business so that it can influence the decision of farmers to carry out business cooperation through the teseng system.This study aims to: ( 1) describe the perceptions of beef cattle farmers on the teseng system; (2) describe the motivation of beef cattle farmers to the teseng system; and (3) analyze the effect of perception and motivation on the decision of farmers to conduct beef cattle business partnership (teseng) in Bone Regency.This research uses descriptive and explanatory research types.The sampling technique was carried out by simple random sampling of 150 farmers consisting of 90 people who did the teseng system and 60 people who did not do the teseng system in Patimpeng, Kahu and Libureng Districts.Data collection was carried out through interviews and focus group discussions which were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression.The results showed that: (1) variable perception of farmers against the test system consisting of sub variables: (a) economic benefits, (b) technical advantage, (c) the application of the teseng system is easier, (d) the level of conformity with the local community is in the good category; (2) farmer motivation variables on the teseng system which consists of sub-variables: (a) family economic demands, (b) limited business capital, (c) requests of friends/close relatives, (d) improve social status, (e) there is free time, (f) the chance of getting greater results, (g) additional income, (h) accept t he trust and responsibility of raising cows in the good category; and (3) perceptions and motivations have a significant effect on the decision of farmers to do the teseng system.
This study examined the role of social capital in the marketing of local buffalo (tedong bonga) in the indigenous Toraja tribe, held from April to June of 2018 at the Bolu Animal Market in North Toraja Regency.The aimed of the study was to determine the role of elements of social capital (norms/customs, beliefs and networks) in marketing buffalo cattle in North Toraja Regency.The research methodology used was purposive sampling method, which is deliberate sampling according to the required criteria, namely all breeders and traders who sell tedong bonga, which are found in the market as many as 21 respondents.This type of research uses quantitative and qualitative data.Quantitative data is calculated using the Likert scale to see the level of social capital towards marketing tedong bonga while qualitative information is used to describe the role of elements of social capital towards marketing tedong bonga.The results showed that in the norm variable, the dominant indicator was rules, sanctions, and behavior, in the trust variable, the dominant indicator was honesty and fairness, while in the social network variable, the dominant indicator was social concern and cooperation.The total overall value shows the level of social capital greatly influences the marketing of tedong bonga.Based on these results the recommendations that can be given are that local governments can manage social capital as a social and cultural asset to improve the lives of Toraja people in particular and the development of Toraja regions through the livestock and tourism sectors in general.
Currently, antibiotic resistance poses a serious threat as far as both animal and human therapies are concerned, and the monitoring of this problem plays an important role in sustainable development.It can affect anyone, anywhere.The aim of this is to evaluate the risk of microbial resistant to pathogenic bacteria isolated from ground meat marketed in the eastern region of Morocco.The enumeration of pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E.coli) and Salmonella spp.were carried out using ISO 6888-2, ISO16649-2 and ISO 6579 methods respectively.Indeed, the study of antibiotic resistance was carried out using the Mueller-Hinton medium according to the method described by French society of microbiology.A total of 51 samples of ground meat collected in eastern Moroccan butchers throughout March-April 2015-2017, were used to study the health risks of antibiotic resistance, 34 photogenic bacteria belonging to the following species Escherichia coli, salmonella and S. aureus were isolated.The antibiogram results showed that 100% of tested E. coli and salmonella strains are highly resistant to penicillin A, Nitrofurantoin, Erythromycin, Thiamphenicol, and Tetracycline.However, they are susceptible to Gentamicin and Colistin, and 100 % of E. coli and S. aureus strains are susceptible to Cotrimoxazole.All tested bacterial strains (E.coli, Salmonella, and S. aureus) are susceptible to Gentamicin and have medium resistance to Streptomycin.These strong bacterial resistances largely explain the excessive and unsustainable uses of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine, which calls for surveillance and vigilance against this global problem.
Geographic Information System (GIS) tools have been utilized in greenhouse cropping systems for detection, identifying, and mapping.This study aimed to study the spatiotemporal distribution of greenhouses (GHs) and the driving factors affecting this distribution in Al-Batinah South, Oman using GIS Mapping.First, a field survey was conducted between July and December 2017 to all farms with greenhouses (GH farms) in the study area.Second, the required digital and non-digital data were collected from different sources.Third, for 2017, the recorded geographic coordinates of GHs and GH farms were mapped, while the aerial photographs for 2008 using ArcMap 10.1 were used to study the spatial and temporal distribution of GH farms and GHs.Fourth, four main driving factors were selected: distance to various market-outlets, distance to roads, distance to coastline and effects of groundwater quality to observe their significance on the spatial distribution of GH farms in 2017 using simple regression analysis.Fifth, the most driving factors explaining the variance of GH farms spatial distribution in 2017 were extracted using Principle Component Analysis (PCA).The results revealed that, for 2017, the distribution of greenhouse farms varied insignificantly (p>0.05)among the six cities in Al-Batinah South, where 71% and 53% of greenhouses and greenhouse farms were concentrated only in Barka coastal city.For the period 2008-2017, the density of greenhouse farms and greenhouses were shifting towards the inland cities such as Nakhal, Al-Rustaq, and Awabi.Within the same period, there was an average reduction of several greenhouses and greenhouse farms by 16.2 and 2.2, respectively.The total land area occupied by greenhouses shrank by an average of 0.56 ha/year in the same period.Results displayed that only one of the four main driving factors had a statistically significant influence (p<0.05) on the spatial distribution of greenhouse farms in 2017, which was the distance to roads.The most affecting driving factors on this distribution was the distance to local markets and the distance to Al-Mawaleh Central market by accounting for 44.2% and 23.8% of the total variance, respectively.In conclusion, Over the period 2008-2017, there was an overall reduction in the average number of GH farms and GHs due to land use changes, high construction costs (capital cost), high production costs, fuel cost, pests and diseases, water scarcity (in some places), competition due to foreign produce and from high tech domestic, low subsidy by Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries and/or price fluctuations of fresh produce.The influence of distance to the highway and distance to the nearest paved roads were found significant driving factors (p<0.05).Based on PCA analysis, distance to local markets, and distance to Al-Mawaleh Central market were the two driving factors describing the total variance of GH farms spatial distribution.It is recommended, for future expansion of greenhouse farms, to consider inland areas with low groundwater salinity and to consider other driving factors such as soil parameters and distance to urban settlements for their potential significance on the spatial distribution of GHs and GH farms.This study will help decision-makers in future development and planning of GH agribusiness.
The demand for rice in Indonesia is increasing every year along with the increasing population growth which makes the gap bigger between production and consumption.The gap often results in volatility in rice prices from both the producers and consumers.The rise and fall of rice prices, associated with fluctuations in rice production that occur in the region produci ng rice suppliers, one of which is due to differences in crop patterns.An increase in volatility in food prices will be a concern for producers and other related actors in the food commodity chain that are related to the expenditure they will make.This study aims to analyze rice price volatility between time and between regions in South Sulawesi.The data used in this study is Secondary data in the form of Time Series data.Analysis The price volatility of rice in South Sulawesi uses the coefficient of variation formula.The results of the study of Sulawesi-south rice price volatility move above the standard coefficient of variation based on the target of the Indonesian Ministry of Trade where the coefficient of variation in rice prices between times is in the range of <9%.The coefficient of variation between regions where rice price volatility is quite stable moves below the standard <14.2%.
Rhizoplane is the hotspot of plant microbe interaction where various plant growth promoting bacteria convert insoluble phosphatic compounds into accessible form for plants; thereby enhance plant health and productivity.An efficient rhizoplanic plant growth promoting Enterobacter sp.R1 of rice (O.sativa L.) cv.Swarna Sub-I was thoroughly studied which mineralized Ca-phosphate (574.7 µg/ml), Zn phosphate, rock phosphates and slag and also tolerated 9% NaCl.Besides P-solubilization (PS), it produced indole, siderophore (66.35 mg/g dr.wt.) and ammonia which would promote growth of plants.The bacterium mineralized P by acid (22.25 U/ml) and alkaline phosphatase (76.37 U/ml) and organic acid (citric acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid etc.) production.R1 challenged plants had enhanced root (66.67%) and shoot (28.81%) length in the laboratory test, and augmented growth and production in pot and field conditions.The bacterium intrinsically possessed the P solubilizing pqqC gene.Multiple plant growth promoting (PGP) traits and salt tolerance rendered the organism to be potent for biofertilizer production suitable for both non-saline and saline environments.
One way that can be done to increase rice production is the expansion of the harvest area by increasing the rice crop index.Irrigation water supply at certain times is increasingly scarce so that proper management of irrigation water by subak is needed to increase agricultural productivity.Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effectiveness of irrigation water distribution systems in Subak Padanggalak, under the Kedewatan Irrigation Area, Bali.The effectiveness parameter of the water distribution system was specified by using the percentage of area covered from water distribution in Subak Padanggalak throughout the year.The results of the analysis show that the water distribution system is useful as it was able to irrigate the all-area Subak Padanggalak throughout the year adequately.The existing rice cropping index is 250%, and the potential index of food crops is 300%.
This research aimed to analyze the influence of orientation, innovation and marketing strategies on competitiveness of food sector MSMEs in Makassar, South Sulawesi.This research was conducted in February -April 2019, with the number of respondents 80 entrepreneurs food sector.The data analysis used a quantitative approach is Structural Equation Modelling-Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS) using SmartPLS 3.0.This research shows that entrepreneurial orientation, innovation, and marketing strategy has a positive and significant impact on MSME's competitiveness with 0.05 level of significance because the p-value for entrepreneurial orientation was lower than 0.05, precisely 0.003 with a coefficient of 0.243.In innovations, the pvalue was 0.001 < 0.05, which means that innovation has a positive and significant effect on competitiveness with a coefficient value of 0.332.The marketing strategy also has a positive and significant impact on competitiveness with 0.05 level of significance, with a p-value of 0.004 that was even lower than 0.05, and a coefficient of 0.295 which means for every one percent increase in marketing strategy will improve competitiveness by 29.5 percent.
The background of the government's efforts to increase the production and productivity of beef cattle, therefore the government (Ministry of Agriculture) issued a policy to encourage accelerated increase in production for meat availability, through the implementation of SIWAB UPSUS that farmers are expected to be able to quickly adopt these activities.The SIWAB UPSUS consists of artificial insemination and INKA (natural mating).on the implementation of UPSUS SIWAB Artificial Insemination in the regency soppeng the birth data is not in line with the government's expectations, therefore the adoption of the SIWAB Artificial UPSUS Insemination study was conducted as an important indicator of the successful birth of the SIWAB UPSUS implementation.Purposing research is knowing the ability to adoption UPSUS SIWAB in Soppeng District.The population used is all beef cattle that participate in the UPSUS SIWAB program in Soppeng Regency.Respondent samples in identifying farmer adoption in the SIWAB UPSUS Artificial Insemination program involved 30 farmers who conducted UPSUS SIWAB Artificial Insemination in Liliriaja sub-district for direct interviews with a purposive sampling system.The writing of this thesis uses quantitative methods.Research Results overall adoption rate of farmers to UPSUS SIWAB Artificial Insemination program in Liliriaja sub-district Soppeng district, with variable indicators of time needed by farmers adopting UPSUS SIWAB artificial insemination, benefits and quality of SIWAB UPSUS Insemination program and the range of application of Artificial Insemination to produce class interval weights 166 points and are in the medium category.
Background: Aceh cattle is one of seven local cattle breed in Indonesia that have an essential role for rural communities in the economic, social, and cultural aspect.Aceh cattle kept by smallholder farmers for beef cattle purposes, and working or preparing paddy field in a traditional system with the poor condition of colony housing, tethered in the backyard, and grazed around post-harvest paddy field.As a consequence, poor performances and low reproduction rate are general phenomena for Aceh cows.Objective: The study was conducted to identify reproductive management and performance of Aceh cows kept by farmers with the traditional system in Aceh Province, Indonesia Methodology: A numbers of 162 farmers located in Muara Batu, Sawang, and Nisam sub-district, North Aceh district, Aceh Province, and their cows (175 heads) were involved in this study.Farmers were interviewed using a semi-structural questionnaire to evaluate reproduction management done by farmers, while the cows were measured and recorded for their reproductive performances.The qualitative data were analyzed descriptively, while quantitative data were analyzed using oneway analysis of variance and continued with DMRT.Results: Farmer's background on three sub-district shown the traditional system based on small ownership of cattle (3 head/farmer) and objective for saving (94,7%).The most of farmers in three different sub-districts had an excellent heat detection capability (47.2%) and applied natural mating (70.9%).Farmers at Nisam sub-district had the best management on postpartum mating, mated the cows at 110±28.19 days after calving, service per conception 1.04±0.21times and the shortest calving intervals 12.61±1.72months differed within Muara Batu and Sawang sub-district 14.32±3.76and 17.11±3.65months respectively.The first estrous age, first calving age, and estrous cycle did not differ amongst cows in three different subdistricts with the average were 27.25±3,94 months; 38.10±5,22 months; and 19.57±1,82 days, respectively.Conclusion: Reproductive management plays a role in the productivity of Aceh cows with the traditional production system, the farmers had proper management of Aceh cows reproduction.Aceh cows kept by farmers in Nisam sub-district had the best reproductive performances in terms of postpartum mating, service per conception, and calving intervals.
Organic greenhouse cucumber (cucumis sativus L.) can be considered as one of several approaches to sustainable agriculture.It is more economic than conventionally grown cucumber crops.The main objective is to optimize yield and decrease costs.In general, excess in agricultural production on a reasonable basis and at a competitive price is vital to becoming better the farmers' economic situation.We introduce Weighted Goal Programming (WGP) as an efficient model in reaching optimality, involving net return, regular labor cost, crop collection cost, engineering supervision cost and seeds cost.The result revealed that the yield for cucumber crop in both greenhouse and open field covered its actual costs of production.Irrespective of the factors affecting the cucumber growth, the first optimization results are WGP model achieves the unique optimal solution for the overall problem, in greenhouse x = 165.1883tons/acre in spring, 50.00 tons/acre in autumn, and in open field x =13.8796 tons/acre in spring, 10.4640 tons/acre in autumn.This study concluded that the cucumber greenhouse system has been shown to have higher profitability than the open-field system and is more efficient which compensates its extra costs.A marketing aspect study was suggested as it could open up more avenues for improving the performance of this organic greenhouse production system as an essential sub-sector.
The effects of three different plant spacing i.e., 'hill spacing' (10, 20 and 30cm) and two plant topping treatments (without topping and with topping) were investigated on safflower yield and quality in a split plot design with four replicates.The results showed that the 30 cm-hill spacing produced highest volumes of seed yield/ha and high attributes for chlorophyll and oil contents, while the 10 cm-plant spacing produced the tallest plants.Seed yield/ha under the three plant spacing were 2.83, 2.58 and 2.48 t/ha under 30cm, 20 cm and 10 cm plant spacing during the first season and 2.59, 2.39 and 2.25 t/ha under the same spacing treatments during the second season.The plant topping significantly increased the seed yield, yield components and oil (%).The means of seed yield/ ha were 2.81 and 2.54 t/ha under topping in the first and second seasons, respectively and in the second season the yield were 2.54 and 2.27 t/ha, respectively.Without topping, the total chlorophyll values were significantly higher than with topping.The highest oil content in the seed was found under topping.
