A quantitative measure of the efficiency of chemical functionalization of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is proposed. The dependence of the indicated efficiency on the structure of CNTs, which is formed in the polymer matrix of the nanocomposite, is shown. Thus, in the region of the percolation threshold of CNTs, the structural transition of CNTs in the polymer matrix to a continuous framework of nano-tubes begins, which sharply reduces the efficiency of functionalization. This parameter has a decisive effect on the properties of nanocomposites through change in their structure (for example, the content of interfacial regions), and, consequently, the degree of aggregation of the nanofiller depends on it.
To formulate folate conjugated bovine serum albumin nanoparticles of rutin (Rutin-BSA-FA), a modified desolvation crosslinking method is employed to manufacture the folate conjugated bovine serum albumin nanoparticles and optimization of nanoparticles was accomplished employing 32 full factorial design. Rutin BSA-FA nanoparticles were effectively synthesized and tested for their morphological qualities. The study demonstrated that selected independent variables X1 protein (mg) and X2 alcohol (mL) have significant effects on the dependent variables particle size (Y1 [nm]) and entrapment effi-ciency (EE; Y2 [%]) with p-values of less than 0.05. As per the desirability the composition of optimum batch of nanoparticles (NPs) discovered to be 40 mg protein and 30 mL of alcohol; predicted with values of the responses as 229 nm particle size and 88.50% EE, which is comparable with the actual values. Moreover, scanning electron micrograph (SEM) examination validated the spherical structure of the NPs, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and transmission electron microscope (TEM) confirmed the conjugation of the drug with albumin and folate. Molecular docking study re-vealed the formed conjugate has better binding affinity to cancer cells with lowest binding energy of-15.0 kcal/mol. The in vitro drug release study demonstrated controlled drug delivery over 30 hours, following zero-order kinetics, confirming the efficiency of the developed nanoparticles.
A two-dimensional mathematical model for electrically conducting rheological hemodynamic transport through a fibromuscular dysplasia artery featuring a contraction (stenosis) and sac-cular aneurysm under transverse (radial) magnetic field is developed. The Herschel-Bulkley fluid model has been employed to characterize rheological behavior, and the Tiwari-Das model has been utilized to evaluate the effects of nanoscale volume fraction. The normalized governing equations are solved numerically with physically appropriate boundary conditions using the finite element method, employing the variational formulation framework provided by the FreeFEM++ software. A comprehensive mesh-independence study is included. An excellent correlation is observed between the FreeFEM++ computations and the existing results. The influence of selected parameters on velocity, temperature, and wall shear stress has been analyzed for two clinically significant cases of arteries with a stenosis and a saccular aneurysm. Color contours and graphical representations are utilized to illustrate the characteristics of the simulated blood flow. The simulations are more relevant to transport phenomena in pharmacology and the targeted delivery of nanodrugs in vascular science.
Medical nanotechnology has become a cutting-edge and effective method for curing some of the most difficult medical problems. Gold, silver, and other inorganic nanomaterials have demonstrated potential antibacterial efficacies. Interestingly, because of their ability to interact well with biological systems, the ease of surface manipulation and the excellent optical properties characteristic of gold (FeO at Au NPs) core shell has drawn particular attention. Coating one nanomaterial with another results in a composite of two nanoparticles (NPs), enhancing both the physical and chemical properties. This enhancement increases its effectiveness, particularly in medical applications. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtitles, and Klebsiella pneumonia are the most common enteric bacterial human pathogens that cause diarrhea in both children and adults. Their shape negatively impacts the human immune system. Then, the X-ray diffraction technique was used to analyze the core-shell structure of these particles. We have looked into the crucial impact that average particle size has on the suppression of the abovementioned bacterial species. The size of the gold NPs generated in liquid by pulsed laser ablation in liquid approach was shown by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy to be in the 290-1,100 nm range. The results show that the surface plasmon resonance peak of gold occurs at similar to 545 nm and is within the range of 290-1,100 nm. On the other hand, iron shows its maximum absorption peak at similar to 0.45 within the range of 200-350 nm. Additionally, the search illustrates an additional absorption peak attributed to FeO atAu core-shell structure at 555 nm within the range of 290-1,100 nm. Transmission electron microscope analysis revealed that particle sizes were < 50 nm during the preparation of the core-shell structure.
The future of biofuels depends on high energy conversion efficiency and sustainable operation. Mod-ern biofuels have an energy-efficient architecture with intriguing capacity. As of 2025, the use of fabricated nanocomposite (nc) electrodes has increased due to their corrosion resistance, durability, and conductivity. Graphite is a common electrode used for this purpose. In addition, polyanilinebased graphite (G-PAni)/nc is a more coherent alternative because of its feasible methodology. This cogent review provides insight into G-PAni/nc synthesis, fabrication, and characterization methods. Concurrently, the potential applications of G-PAni/nc in fuel cells are discussed. Furthermore, the performance of G-PAni/nc in fuel cells was evaluated in terms of power output, efficiency, and longterm stability. In addition, various challenges and future applications of G-PAni/nc in biofuel cells are discussed.
The possibility of obtaining coatings on a substrate of C/C-SiC composite using the slurry-firing fusion technology of MoSi2-HfSi2-HfB2-SiB4 and MoSi2-HfSi2-SiB4 powder compositions at 1620 degrees C and a rarefied argon pressure of similar to 100 Pa was studied. The coatings have a framework structure formed mainly by fragmentarily sintered MoSi2 grains and HfB2 particles uniformly distributed between them. The morphology of the synthesized HfB2 particles is represented by polyhedral formations with sizes from 5 to 10 mu m and nanowhiskers with a thickness of 100-200 nm and a length of 2-4 mu m. A sequence of reaction interaction in the MoSi2-HfSi2-HfB2-SiB4 and MoSi2-HfSi2-SiB4 systems, determining the in situ synthesis of HfB2 and SiC secondary phases, is proposed. Physicochemical calculations in the investigated systems are carried out. It is shown that the total porosity of the resulting coatings, depending on the composition, is similar to 53-54% of their volume. It is established that the greatest contribution to the formation of discontinuities is made by silicon evaporation and pyrolysis of the organic binder during heat treatment. The porosity from their contribution is 29-31% and 22-25% of the volume, respectively. Promising directions of porosity reduction of coatings formed by the considered technology are determined.
The nucleation and evolution of nanopores in monocrystalline and nanocrystalline Fe95Ni05 samples with different grain size gradients and phase distribution over volume under shock loading were simu-lated. The grains of the nanocrystalline samples had the FCC structure and contained lamellae with the body-centered cubic (BCC) lattice. It was found that fewer nanopores were formed in a sample with a smaller grain size gradient. Samples with the same grain size gradient and a smaller volume fraction of lamellae had significantly lower damage both during shock loading and after relaxation. It was shown that the formation and development of nanopores always occurs at the junction of layers with different grain sizes along the intergranular boundaries, as well as at interphase boundaries inside the grains. The total volume of nanopores in monocrystalline samples was significantly less than in nanocrystal-line ones. During loading, the face-centered cubic (FCC) fragments formed in BCC single crystals, and stacking faults and twins nucleated in FCC single crystals. Nanopores in single crystals nucleated as a result of the interaction of a reflected tensile wave with the fragment boundaries and structural defects.
Silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles with a core-shell structure were synthesized using pulsed laser ablation (Nd: YAG laser) in deionized water, a straightforward method requiring minimal lab conditions. The optical properties and energy gap were assessed via visible spectroscopy. Transmission electron microscopy identified the core-shell structure, spherical shape, and size (52 nm). Atomic force microscopy revealed semi-smooth surface roughness, whereas field emission scanning electron microscopy confirmed a homogeneous surface. X-ray diffraction provided ideal peak patterns for crystal size calculations. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed a higher ZnO content compared to Ag, indicating an effective coating of silver by zinc oxide to reduce toxicity. The high purity of the samples (only Ag and ZnO nanoparticles) ensured accurate property determination and biological effect assessment. The study leverages the anti-skin cancer properties of both nanoparticles: Ag nanoparticles, with their small size and large surface area, interact effectively with cancer cells but have high toxicity, which is mitigated by the ZnO coating. ZnO also contributes to anti-cancer activity by generating reactive oxygen species that disrupt cell membranes. Zeta potential analysis indicated a moderate electrostatic equilibrium with a value of -15.2 mV for the core-shell nanoparticles. MTT assay [which stands for 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] results on A375 skin cancer cell lines confirmed that these nanoparticles are effective at certain concentrations, showing minimal effect on normal cells, suggesting their potential as a drug for skin cancer.
