The β-diketone/trialkylphosphine oxide synergistic extraction system shows promising potential in lithium extraction but typically operates in high pH environments(pH>9.0).In such alkaline condi-tions,although trialkylphosphine oxides exhibit good stability,β-diketones may be susceptible to degrada-tion.Therefore,a systematic assessment of their stability is required before practical industrial application.This study focuses on the typical β-diketone extractant LIX-54 and systematically investigates its degrada-tion behavior under different temperatures and alkali concentrations.Through organic composition analysis,kinetic model fitting,and extraction performance evaluation,it was found that LIX-54 remains stable under pH≤13,with temperature increases having negligible effects on its degradation.However,when c(OH-)≥0.5 mol·L-1,significant degradation occurs,and elevated temperatures markedly accelerate the process.Gas chromatography analysis identified the main degradation products of LIX-54 as benzoic acid,2-ethylhexanoic acid,and acetophenone,with 2-ethylhexyl methyl ketone as a possible additional product.Further extraction experiments indicated that the degradation of LIX-54 reduces the lithium saturation ca-pacity of the synergistic extraction system constructed with Cyanex 923(a mixture of four trialkylphos-phine oxides with different branched chains,including n-octyl and n-hexyl groups).This study identifies the safe operating window for LIX-54(pH≤13)and establishes its degradation kinetic model,providing critical theoretical foundations and data support for optimizing alkaline lithium extraction processes and con-trolling extractant loss.
There are two primary hypotheses regarding the formation mechanisms of hydromagnesite:An abiotic origin driven by physicochemical processes,and a biogenic origin involving microorganisms.While high temperature,a high Mg/Ca ratio,and elevated pH have been proposed as necessary conditions for its natural formation,direct mineralogical evidence remains scarce.Moreover,natural evaporation experi-ments have not readily produced hydromagnesite,in contrast to its widespread occurrence and ongoing for-mation in areas such as Bangor Co and Lake Dugari in Xizang.A growing body of research confirms that microalgae can induce the precipitation of magnesium-bearing carbonates under ambient temperature and pressure,as evidenced by field examples and laboratory studies from Turkey,Canada,Spain,and China's Bangor Co.This paper focuses on the genesis of hydromagnesite in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau salt lakes.It is postulated that the formation of this feature in alpine regions can be attributed to the involvement of algal and microbial communities,or to a synergy of diverse processes.Future research should delve into the spe-cific functions of microorganisms,untangle the coupling between biological and inorganic processes,and uncover more unambiguous signatures of biological activity.
Salt lake brine is a major source of global lithium and hold a strategic importance for the energy transition.The Four-Lake area of the Qaidam Basin(Qarhan,East Taijinaier,West Taijinaier,and Yili-ping)is the most significant brine-type lithium enrichment area in China.Elucidating its resource enrich-ment and mineralization mechanisms are critical for safeguarding supply security.Previous work has empha-sized metallogenic regularity and materials sources.But a systematic summary of lithium behavior and loss mechanisms along the source-transport-sink process remains incomplete,introducing uncertainty into re-source assessments.Focusing on the Four-Lake area,this study uses elemental ratios and lithium isotopes to investigate multipath loss mechanisms operating during transport and enrichment:(1)clay adsorption:clay minerals progressively remove dissolved Li through surface adsorption,ion exchange,and lattice fixa-tion,producing marked increases in δ⁷Li in the residual fluid;(2)reverse weathering:authigenic clay for-mation within the lacustrine system incorporates or adsorbs Li;(3)salt minerals precipitation:during evaporite crystallization,Li is sequestered via lattice incorporation and fluid inclusions;(4)freshwater mixing and dilution:freshwater and brine mixing zones dilute Li from lake centers toward margins,a pro-cess intensified under global warming as precipitation and runoff increase;and(5)biotic processes:micro-bial adsorption and microbially induced mineral precipitation contribute secondary Li losses.These results provide a new perspective for improving resource evaluation and refining exploration strategies.
The solid-liquid phase equilibria of the quaternary system K+,Mg2+,Ca2+//Cl--H2O at 363.2 K was studied by the isothermal dissolution method.The results show that there are three double salts carnall-ite(KCl·MgCl2·6H2O),chlorocalcite(KCl·CaCl2)and tachyhydrite(2MgCl2·CaCl2·12H2O)formed in the quaternary system,belonging to a complex system.The phase diagram of this quaternary system con-sists of six crystallization fields corresponding to KCl,MgCl2·6H2O,CaCl2·2H2O,KCl·MgCl2·6H2O,KCl·CaCl2 and 2MgCl2·CaCl2·12H2O,nine univariant curves,and four invariant points.Comparing the phase diagram of the quaternary system at 323.2 K,348.2 K and 368.2 K,it has found that with the increase of temperature,the crystallization fields of KCl·CaCl2 becomes larger,indicating that potassium is more likely to form double salt with calcium with the increase of temperature.The crystallization fields of KCl in-creases with the increasing temperature.And the crystallization fields of KCl are always larger than those of other salts at 323.2 K,348.2 K and 368.2 K.
The salt lakes of the central Qaidam Basin host important reserves of strategic saline mineral re-sources in China,notably potassium and lithium.A thorough understanding of the evolution of these salt lakes and their hydroclimatic controls is crucial for scientifically evaluating future hydrological changes in the context of the current warming-wetting trend.In this study,we retrieved a sediment core(XT)from Xi-taijnar Salt Lake in the central Qaidam Basin.After establishing a reliable chronological framework,we conducted mineralogical analysis of the core sediments to reconstruct the lake's evolution and elucidate its climatic constraints since 36.4 cal kyr BP.The results show that Xitaijnar Salt Lake underwent four distinct evolutionary stages:Stage Ⅰ(36.4～30.0 cal kyr BP):A brackish lake environment under relatively hu-mid climatic conditions;Stage Ⅱ(30.0～24.0 cal kyr BP):Evolution into a salt lake as the climate be-came more arid;Stage Ⅲ(24.0～4.0 cal kyr BP):Transition to a playa under an extremely arid climate;Stage Ⅳ(4.0～1.0 cal kyr BP):A shift from a playa to a dissolution lake under a relatively humid condi-tions.The hydroclimatic variability in the central Qaidam Basin since 36.4 kyr is broadly consistent with patterns observed across the Northern Hemisphere westerlies domain.These changes were primarily driven by variations in solar insolation at mid to high latitudes and changes in moisture transport from the North At-lantic,caused by zonal shifts in the planetary wind system.This study provides critical mineralogical evi-dence for understanding the climate and environmental evolution of the central Qaidam Basin since the Late Pleistocene.It also offers fundamental data and a theoretical framework for scientifically assessing future hydrological dynamics in the region's salt lakes.
To enhance the stability of lithium-selective membrane extraction materials,this study devel-oped a polymer inclusion membrane(PVCTE-DFe-PIM)by blending polyvinyl chloride diethyl phosphonate(PVCTE),a polymer-based lithium extractant synthesized via the Arbuzov reaction,with D2EHPA-NaFeCl4(DFe),and constructed an electro-membrane extraction system(PVCTE-DFe-EME)coupled with an external electric field.The effects of PVCTE-DFe-PIM composition,voltage,and two-phase solution pH on the lithium-magnesium separation performance of PVCTE-DFe-EME were investigated,with optimized PIM composition and preliminary elucidation of the lithium extraction mechanism.Results demonstrated that PVCTE-DFe-EME achieved cross-membrane transport of Li+and Mg2+under electric field conditions,exhibiting superior Li+transport rate over Mg2+within the 5～30 V voltage range.The optimized PVCTE-DFe-EME exhibited a lithium initial flux(JLi)of 2.952×10-2 mol·m-2·h-1 when treating 0.01 mol·L-1 Li+and Mg2+mixed solutions,with a lithium-magnesium separation factor(SLi/Mg)of 8.35.After five consecu-tive 24 hour mass transfer cycles at 25 V,the JLi degradation rate remained below 0.4%,indicating excel-lent stability.This study provides a reference for the preparation of highly stable lithium-selective mem-brane extraction materials.
Magnesium oxychloride cement(MOC)is a kind of gas-hardened cementitious material pro-duced by the reaction of active magnesium oxide(MgO),magnesium chloride(MgCl2)and water(H2O),and its main hydrate is 5·1·8 phase(5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O).In order to study the best mix ratio of raw materials and the influence of different modifiers on water resistance,the mechanical properties of MOC with different mix ratios were tested under dry conditions to find out the best mix ratio.Then,the mechani-cal properties of MOC mixed with phosphoric acid(PA),fly ash(FA),or a combination of both were tested after drying and soaking for 14 days,and the softening coefficient was used as the basis to evaluate the water resistance.The variation laws of the microstructure of MOC before and after modification were analyzed by means of XRD,FT-IR and SEM,and the modification mechanisms of different modifiers on MOC were discussed.In addition,the compressive strength data of MOC under different conditions were taken as the data set.The prediction model of compressive strength of MOC was constructed by using back propagation neural network(BPNN)and support vector machine(SVM).The results show that when the molar ratio of raw materials is n(MgO)∶n(MgCl2)∶n(H2O)=8∶1∶16,the maximum compressive strength of MOC block is 81.1 MPa;When PA and FA are added with 1 wt%and 5 wt%of MgO respectively,the water resistance is the best,and the softening coefficient is 0.72.The support vector machine model has ex-cellent fitting degree and generalization ability,which is confirmed by the experimental results.Therefore,the support vector machine model can provide accurate prediction rules for the evolution of MOC compres-sive strength.
With the rapid rise of the new energy sector,China's demand for lithium resources has grown ac-cordingly.Brine from salt lakes accounts for over 80%of China's lithium resources.However,the low lithium concentration in these brines poses significant challenges for separation and extraction.Conse-quently,developing high-performance lithium adsorbents has become crucial for addressing current energy constraints.This study comprehensively investigates the preparation and adsorption properties of manganese-based lithium-ion sieves,specifically targeting the extraction challenges in low-grade salt lakes.Two adsorbent precursors,LiMn2O4 and Li1.33Mn1.67O4,are synthesized via a high-temperature solid-state method.Their acid-washing conditions,adsorption/desorption behavior,and cycling stability are thor-oughly investigated.Results indicate that Li1.33Mn1.67O4 exhibits superior adsorption performance due to its lower sintering temperature and unique elemental composition.Furthermore,XPS analysis revealed a higher Mn4+/Mn3+ratio in the Li1.33Mn1.67O4 precursor.The high stability of Mn4+under acidic conditions con-ferred superior resistance to dissolution loss,with a Mn loss rate of merely 0.032 2%.Concurrently,the in-sertion and desorption processes of Li+in the H1.33Mn1.67O4 adsorbent conformed to a pseudo-second-order ki-netic model,dominated by chemisorption.During adsorption cycling tests,the adsorbent exhibited rela-tively stable capacity(～8 mg·g-1).This research provides certain ideas for the design of lithium adsorption with manganese series and is of great significance for the efficient extraction and utilization of low-grade lithium resources in salt lakes.
By adjusting the water-cement ratio and incorporating mineral admixtures such as fly ash and silica fume,basic magnesium sulfate cement(BMSC)concrete was prepared,and the concrete was im-mersed in a simulated natural salt lake brine solution.The salt corrosion resistance and salt-frost resistance of BMSC concrete were investigated.The phase composition and microstructure of BMSC concrete after corrosion and freeze-thaw cycling were analyzed.When the water-cement ratio was reduced from 0.5 to 0.3,the corrosion resistance coefficient increased from 0.64 to 0.88 after 420 days of immersion,and the number of salt-frost damage cycles extended from 75 to 175.The combined use of fly ash and silica fume achieved the best results,with the corrosion resistance coefficient reaching 0.98 and the number of salt-frost damage cycles extending to 250 in the BMSC50(FS)group after 330 days of immersion.The damage to BMSC concrete in a salt solution environment is mainly physical damage.The invasion of salt ions into the concrete pores leads to crystallization reactions and generates crystallization pressure,which is the core cause of microstructural damage.The freeze-thaw damage of BMSC concrete in a salt solution is essentially a coupled effect of physical frost heaving and physical crystallization of salts.
Cesium(Cs)is an important strategic metal,and cesium metal and its compounds are irreplaceable in many industries.Magnesium potassium ferrocyanide was synthesized in one step with K4[Fe(CN)6]·3H2O and MgCl2·6H2O as raw materials,and was granulated with a new type of polymer for extracting Cs+from brine.Structural characterization revealed that the material is K2MgFe(CN)6·x H2O.The effects of pH,tem-perature,concentration,time,and interfering ions on the separation of Cs+were studied.The results showed that when the pH of the Cs+solution was 9,the concentration was 1 000 mg·L-1,and the tempera-ture was 25℃,the Cs+adsorption capacity was(39.78±1)mg·g-1,and the adsorption equilibrium time was 240 min.Increasing the temperature was beneficial to the adsorption of Cs+,and the adsorption behav-ior conformed to the Langmuir isothermal adsorption model.Interfering ions had a relatively small impact on the separation of Cs+,and the adsorbent exhibited highly efficient adsorption characteristics in the oil field brine of Nanyi Mountain.In addition,the adsorption mechanism was that ion exchange occurred be-tween K+and Cs+,and the XRD pattern had a slight displacement before and after adsorption.Based on the simple synthesis of the adsorbent,the wide availability of raw materials,the strong affinity and stability for Cs+,it is expected to become a promising adsorbent for cesium separation in salt lake brine,oilfield brine and cesium-containing solid waste solution.
Lithium-Sulfur(Li-S)batteries,with an ultra-high theoretical specific capacity(1 675 mAh·g-1)and energy density(2 600 Wh/kg),have become a core candidate for next-generation energy storage de-vices and possess broad application prospects.In this study,the metal-organic framework material ZIF-67 was used as a template and elemental sulfur as the energy storage active material to prepare S/Co-NC carbon-sulfur composite materials through a combined process of high-temperature carbonization and melt-diffusion sulfur loading.By systematically investigating the effects of reactant ratio and carbonization tem-perature on the material morphology and electrochemical performance,the optimal reaction conditions were determined.The results show that when the molar ratio of Co(NO3)2·6H2O to 2-methylimidazole is 1:4 and the carbonization temperature is 800℃,the sample exhibits the most uniform morphology and par-ticle size,demonstrating the best electrochemical performance.At 0.1 C,the initial discharge specific ca-pacity reaches 982.21 mAh·g-1;at 1 C,the initial specific capacity is 704.91 mAh·g-1,and after 300 cycles,the reversible capacity remains 491.39 mAh·g-1(capacity retention of 69.71％),with a coulombic effi-ciency close to 100％.
To promote the efficient utilization and sustainable development of water resources in the Qar-han Salt Lake mining area,this study constructs a water resources carrying capacity(WRCC)evaluation system based on data collected from 2010 to 2019.The system covers four dimensions:Water resources,salt mineral resources,socio-economic development,and the ecological environment.A game-theoretic ap-proach was employed to determine indicator weights by integrating the CRITIC method and the entropy weight method.The grey relational TOPSIS model was used to comprehensively evaluate the level of water resources carrying capacity in the mining area,while an obstacle degree model was applied to identify the key factors restricting WRCC improvement.The results indicate that:(1)From 2010 to 2019,the WRCC in the study area exhibited an overall trend of decline followed by recovery.With a comprehensive mean score of 0.417,the region was close to an overloaded state,indicating that the contradiction between water supply and demand remains prominent.(2)During the study period,the salt mineral resources and socio-economic subsystems showed an overall upward trend in carrying capacity,whereas the water resources and ecological subsystems exhibited stage-wise fluctuations.(3)Lake inflow,annual precipitation,eco-logical water demand,spent brine reuse volume,and water consumption per unit output value were identi-fied as the primary obstacle factors limiting improvements in water resources carrying capacity.These find-ings provide theoretical support and decision-making references for the optimized allocation of water re-sources and the development of a green economy in large-scale salt lake mining areas in arid regions.
Lithium is an important strategic resource for the development of the new energy industry,and its exploration and development are extremely crucial for the global energy transition.The characteristics of clay minerals in lake sediments are key to the formation of clay-type lithium deposits,but current research is relatively lacking.This study selected the lithium-rich Kushui Lake,Heishibei Lake,Zacang Chaka,and Nier Co in Northern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,performed X-ray diffraction of surface sediments,hydro-chemical analysis of lake water,and clay minerals extraction,and investigated the relationship between lithium-rich lakes and clay minerals characteristics.Results:The mineral assemblages of lake surface sedi-ments are all dominated by quartz,muscovite,albite,aragonite,and gypsum;the composition of clay minerals is dominated by illite,with an average crystallinity of 0.13 and chemical indices all below 0.5,ex-hibiting Fe-Mg-rich characteristics;the average Li content in sediments is 240.27 μg/g,and shows a weak correlation with TDS.Conclusion:The dominance of illite in the lithium-rich lake clay minerals of Northern Qinghai-Xizang is related to the potassium-rich lake water and the loss and transformation of interlayer ions during the muscovite water-rock interaction process.Furthermore,the high crystallinity also indicates a stronger influence of potassium-rich brine and more pronounced secondary transformation.In a high-potassium environment,the formation of secondary illite may inherit some lithium-rich characteristics of the brine,buffering the competitive inhibition of lithium by clay minerals.This study has important practi-cal significance for guiding the exploration of regional clay types and evaluating the potential of clay-type lithium resources.
Phase diagrams of salt-water systems have significant application value in fields such as brine re-source development.However,most existing phase equilibria data are disseminated and applied in the form of academic papers,lacking publicly available datasets,which hinders data integration,sharing,and in-depth utilization.Against the background of efficient utilization of the deep brine enriched with lithium po-tassium,and containing ammonium resources,this study determined the phase equilibria data for the ter-nary systems LiCl-NH4Cl-H2O and KCl-NH4Cl-H2O at 348.2 K using the isothermal dissolution equilibrium method.Existing data from 273.2 to 348.2 K were systematically integrated to construct a multi-temperature phase diagram dataset comprising solubility,equilibrium solid-phase composition,and density.The influ-ence of NH4+on the crystallization behavior of lithium-and potassium-containing chloride systems was fur-ther investigated.It was found that under certain temperature conditions,NH4+forms solid solutions with Li+and K+,thereby affecting the separation and extraction of lithium and potassium.This dataset not only provides a theoretical basis for developing separation processes for lithium and potassium in ammonium-containing deep brines but also serves as a model for the standardized construction and sharing of phase dia-gram data in complex salt-water systems.
Formamidinium lead iodide(FAPbI3)exhibits excellent optoelectronic properties but suffers from the intrinsic thermodynamic instability of its cubic black phase(α-phase).To elucidate the intrinsic effects of Cs solid solution on the stability and optoelectronic performance of FAPbI3,a series of(FA1-xCsx)PbI3 single crystals with different Cs+doping levels(x=0,0.05,0.1,0.15)were synthesized.The correspond-ing solubility phase diagram was established,and systematic characterizations were carried out using X-ray diffraction(XRD),photoluminescence(PL)spectroscopy,time-resolved PL measurements,and density functional theory(DFT)calculations.The results show that when the synthesis temperature is below 190 ℃,a Cs+concentration of 8%-15%requires rapid heating to bypass the δ-CsPbI₃ precipitation region(region Ⅱ)in order to suppress impurity phases and enable the growth of large α-phase single crystals.With increasing Cs content,the bandgap widens,with the PL peak blue-shifting from 836 nm to 797 nm.Single-crystal model-ing revealed the intrinsic mechanism by which Cs incorporation enhances the stability of FAPbI3.In particu-lar,10%Cs+doping significantly improves the intrinsic stability:While pristine FAPbI3 undergoes phase degradation after 1 000 h,the doped sample retains α-phase stability for over 2 000 h.
A particle-like Co3O4/sheet-like Co3O4/graphite sheet(p-Co3O4/s-Co3O4/GS)electrode was suc-cessfully synthesized via two-step electrodeposition method,the in situ integration of cobalt oxide phases on a graphite sheet substrate.Electrochemical tests demonstrated a low initial potential of 1.21 V,excellent kinetics,and outstanding performance in the bromide oxidation reaction(BOR),which facilitated rapid charge transfer and stable operation.Using an initial Br⁻ concentration of 81.21 mg·L-1(from NaBr)and 142 mg·L-1 Na₂SO₄ as the supporting electrolyte,the residual Br⁻ concentration decreased to 2.11 mg·L-1 after 12 h—significantly lower than the 19.15 mg·L-1 observed with a bare carbon sheet electrode under the same conditions.Electron microscopy characterization revealed that the composite electrode contains abun-dant microstructural defects,which were identified as key contributors to its enhanced electrochemical and electrocatalytic activity toward BOR.The findings and synthesis strategy presented are broadly applicable to the treatment of low-concentration bromide-containing systems.
Rubidium plays a key role in many high-tech fields,and its demand is increasing year by year.The middle part of the northern margin of Qaidam Basin is a distribution area of coal-bearing strata,and its strata are mainly Jurassic sedimentary strata.In recent years,a large number of studies have shown that re-source elements such as rubidium,lithium,and cesium are enriched in coal-bearing strata,but the enrich-ment process of rubidium and other elements in sedimentary strata is still unclear.Therefore,the geochemi-cal characteristics of trace elements and rare earth elements in the core of the west side of the Dameigou Mine on the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin are studied,and the evolution characteristics and tectonic environment of the sedimentary strata in this area are discussed,and the enrichment law of rubidium in the diagenesis process is attempted.The results showed that the content of trace elements such as Rb(142.3 μg/g),Cs(14.2 μg/g),Li(44.6 μg/g),Ga(25.5 μg/g)and Th(22.3 μg/g)was higher,which was higher than that of sediments in China,providing a material basis for the mineralization of rare metals.The elemental correlation showed that Rb had a strong metallogenic correlation with Cs,Li,Be and other elements.The correlation between Sc,V,Co,Ni,Cu and Zn was weak.According to the ratios of V/Cr,Ni/Co and V/(V+Ni),it is judged that the sedimentary process is in an oxic-dysoxic-anoxic environment,and the Sr/Ba ratio indicates that it is in the sea-land interaction facies-continental sedimentation.The material sources of Rb and other elements are mainly Tatareng plutons,which migrate ore-bearing elements to coal-bearing strata through surface water or underground runoff through weathering,denudation,transporta-tion,and deposition.The research results provide a certain basis for the exploration and research of ru-bidium deposits.
High-Aspect-Ratio crystals of magnesium carbonate trihydrate(MgCO3·3H2O)were synthe-sized via reaction crystallization from magnesium chloride hexahydrate and sodium carbonate in the pres-ence of polyethylene glycol(PEG).The effect of PEG concentration on the crystal aspect ratio was investi-gated by XRD,SEM,TG-DSC,FTIR,and particle size analysis.An optimal PEG concentration was de-termined,and the entire 240 min reaction process was monitored using an online two-dimensional imaging system.Results showed that the aspect ratio first increased initially and then decreased with increasing PEG addition.At a PEG mass fraction of 0.2 wt%,rod-like MgCO3·3H2O crystals with a maximum aspect ratio of 11.53 and an average length of 46.69 μm were obtained.The imaging system enabled clear observation of nucleation,crystal growth,and changes in size and morphology.Crystals were first detected after 15 min.A weak diffraction peak corresponding to Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·5H2O appeared at 180 min,and its intensity in-creased with further reaction time.After aging the product at room temperature for 48 hours,this intermedi-ate phase transformed back into MgCO3·3H2O,a finding consistent with a dissolution-recrystallization and self-assembly mechanism.This work demonstrates the utility of online two-dimensional imaging for studying MgCO3·3H2O crystallization and provides guidance for the PEG-assisted preparation of high-aspect-ratio material.
The palaeolacustrine sedimentary record of the Qaidam Basin since the Pleistocene is of great significance for understanding the aridification process in the Asian interior and its driving mechanisms.This study focuses on a palaeolacustrine section from the Qarhan region in the east-central Qaidam Basin,which is characterized by interbedded aeolian and lacustrine deposits.Using grain-size and geochemical ele-ment indices combined with grain-size end-member modeling,we investigate the compositional characteris-tics of the sediments,their depositional mechanisms,and provenance.The results show clear differences in sedimentary characteristics between the 20～100 cm(Zone Ⅰ)and 100～270 cm(Zone Ⅱ)intervals of the profile.Zone I is dominated by homogeneous fine-grained lacustrine deposits,whereas Zone Ⅱ con-sists of interbedded aeolian sand and still-water fine-grained lacustrine layers.The frequency and thickness of these intercalations are associated with high-energy wind events.The lacustrine component in the bi-modal interlayers likely originates from runoff in the upper reaches of the Golmud River,whereas the aeo-lian component is likely derived from wind activity in the western Qaidam Basin.This study reveals the bi-modal nature of the sedimentary intercalations and their depositional mechanism,reflecting the influence of both wind and hydrodynamic processes on lake sedimentation in arid regions.It provides new profile-scale evidence for the complex sedimentary processes in lakes of arid regions.Furthermore,provenance analysis confirms that sedimentation in arid inland lakes is often the result of multiple-source mixing.
Cesium and rubidium are essential raw materials that support advanced scientific research and promote the development of strategic emerging industries.This study elaborates on the applications,functions,and strategic roles of cesium and rubidium in eight fields including aerospace,national defense and military industry.This article summarizes the characteristics of the industrial chain of cesium and rubidium resources,development,primary product processing,product production and final application.Based on a summary of the consumption trends and structural changes in developed economies in recent years,and in combina-tion with the development goals of related industries in China,this paper makes a preliminary judgment on the future global demand and market prospects of cesium and rubidium and puts forward relevant suggestions.
