In this paper we propose a novel ultra low-voltage and high speed domino CMOS logic style. The proposed logic style utilizes floating-gate transistors which are used to increase the current level of the transistors driving the output of the gates. In this way the delay of the proposed logic style may be reduced to less than 10% compared to standard CMOS.
The article describes one of the analytical tools of an application used for ordering train paths by railway undertakings in the Czech Republic. The application is a part of the information system of an annual train timetable design. It is a distributed application composed of a database server, application server and a client program. The tool allows calculating many indicators for the needs of freight and passenger transport. The calculation can be performed for selected lines, areas, tractions and periods. The areas can be standard (the Czech Republic and its regions) as well as user-defined (an arbitrary set of transport points and sections). With the other parameters, the user can influence the selection of sections of train paths to be included in the calculation. After the calculation is done, selected paths of trains can be excluded or additionally included, which results in an immediate recalculation of the results.
In this paper, we implement a real-time surveillance system for image object tracking using PTZ (Pan-Tilt-Zoom) cameras. For this, we use the mean shift tracking algorithm based on the color image distribution of detected object. Mean shift algorithm is efficient for real-time tracking because of its fast and stable performance. In this system, OpenCV environment is used for image processing and C is used for accessing the PTZ protocol and RS-485 communication for controlling the position of PTZ camera in order to arrange the moving objects in the middle part of the monitor screen. This system can be applied to an effective and fast image surveillance system for continuous object tracking in a wider area.
In conventional transmission line protection, a three - zone stepped directional distance system is used to provide the primary as well as remote backup protection. The voltage and current phasors needed by the distance relay for determining the impedance may be measured with integrated Phasor Measurement Unit. However, accuracy of this measurement may be affected by the power disturbances such as power swings and switching actions resulting in fast and slow DC offsets decaying and harmonics, etc. The quality of this measurement may cause mal-operation of distance relays which in turn may affect the reliability of the whole protective scheme. To mitigate these effects for improving the quality of measurements and hence the distance relay performance, this work proposes a new real-time digital filtering method for removing the unwanted DC offset and harmonics and hence improving SDFT algorithm. To validate the present method, the performance of developed distance relay is tested using signal generated by Simulink/MATLAB simulator under different conditions. The obtained simulation results are satisfactory.
The functional security of the power Grid depends upon the successful operation of thousands of relays that may be used in protective scheme for preventing the power system from cascading failures. The failure of one relay of the protective scheme to operate as intended may jeopardize the stability of the entire power grid and hence it may lead the whole system to blackout. In fact, major power system failures after a transient disturbance appearance are more likely to be caused by unnecessary protective relay tripping rather than by the failure of a relay to take action. In other words, the performance of protective relay or system is determined by several criteria including reliability, selectivity, speed of operation, etc. However, reliability which has two aspects: dependability and security is very important especially in smart power grid. Dependability is a degree of certainty that the protective relay will operate correctly when there is a fault in the power system. However, security relates to the degree of certainty that the protective relay or scheme will operate unnecessary when there is transient distribution in the power grid. Appropriate relay testing provides a first defense against relay mal-operations and hence improves power grid stability and prevents catastrophic bulk power system failures. Relay testing can help to validate the design of relay logic, compare the performance of different relays, verify relay settings, identify power system conditions that might cause unintended relay operation, and carry out post-event analysis to understand the causes of unintended or incorrect relay actions. Relay testing system improvements need to continue because of the use of relays in smart power grids where the conditions that are not the same as in the simple conventional one. In this talk we discuss new technologies that allow designing an enhanced relay testing system that can be used for improving the performance of protective relay. At the beginning, we present the different steps which may be followed in order to develop an enhanced relay testing system taking into count all conditions of the power grid. After that, we discuss how to improve protective system reliability, both dependability and security; using this relay testing system in smart power grid. We have already designed and implemented Microprocessor based relay testing system through the use of the new technologies such as microcontroller or PC associated with acquisition as well as we have tested its performances for showing its experimental evaluation. Besides, we have developed some relays where these advanced testing system have been used for evaluating their performances. We will end up this talk by presenting our research projects related to this subject.
Flexural wave motion in an infinite transversely isotropic, thermoelastic plate in the context of conventional coupled thermoelasticity (CT), Lord-Shulman (LS) and Green-Lindsay (GL) theories of generalized thermoelasticity has been studied by asymptotic method. The asymptotic operator plate model for flexural motion in a transversely isotropic thermoelastic plate leads to fifth degree polynomial secular equation that governs frequency and phase velocity of various possible modes of wave propagation at all wavelengths. The governing secular equation of the frequency, expression of group velocity and asymptotic differential equation of flexural wave motion are also derived. The special cases, such as the approximations for short and long wavelength waves of the secular equation are also discussed. The numerical results in respect of phase velocity and attenuation coefficients have been obtained when wave inclined at 75° with the axis of symmetry and presented graphically for CT theory. The deviations of these quantities in LS and GL models vis-à-vis CT model has also been presented in graphically for first two wave modes of considered motion for comparison purpose.
This plenary speech covers the advantages of having statistical analysis to input data previous to training Artificial Neural Networks. It will be also presented some industrial applications including methodologies for designing virtual sensors for oil companies. Shorter training periods, simpler topologies and more reliable networks can be found. The presented techniques for variables and patterns selection allow reducing the data dimension, obtaining quicker training, simpler topologies and lower prediction errors. The pattern reduction techniques allow generating a data partition for training and validation based on statistical analysis. Additionally, these selection techniques can be used for reducing the patterns number in the data when it is very high. The Outliers detection techniques can be used when great volumes of data are used for neural networks training and it is possible to use them for developing algorithms that detect possible observations significantly different from the rest of the data. These techniques can depurate and select those data that provide a better training. It is very important the fusion of both disciplines: Artificial intelligence and Statistical Data Analysis. The work shows the advantages that it has for the practical Statistic the Artificial intelligence and vice versa.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are having tremendous impacts on many scientific and engineering application domains. Interdisciplinary nature of GIS has also emerged in transportation analysis and planning. GIS based spatial and network analyses are witnessing a major enhancement of GIS in transportation sector. This paper explore the use of GIS in the development of transportation planning system using a close linkages between spatial and network analysis through a case study of road network of National Institute of Technology Hamirpur, India.
Planning of transportation projects is vital as it involves huge amounts of cost and large construction periods. Numerous tools and techniques have been developed and put to use by different organizations. A variety of methods are being used in the construction industry and each has its own suitability criteria. Linear scheduling methods are more commonly used for linear construction projects like a roadway project. On the other hand, network methods like CPM are more suitable for complex projects having discrete activities. Over the last few decades, several systems and models for planning and scheduling of road construction projects have been developed and tested by many researchers. Each of these methods has their own strengths and weaknesses and that is why there is a continuous research going on in developing the most logical and universally acceptable planning and scheduling system for the optimum planning and scheduling of linear construction projects. This paper discusses some widely accepted and appreciated construction planning and scheduling techniques developed over the years by various researchers.
This paper proposes an earthing resistance tester that uses resonant circuit technology to operate without auxiliary electrodes. The measurement mechanism is analyzed using an earth return circuit model. The earthing electrode being tested, a lead wire, a return wire and the soil itself comprise the earth return circuit (LRC serial circuit). The developed tester can measure the earthing resistance by evaluating the loop impedance of the earth return circuit at its resonant frequency in the range of 100 kHz to 1.5 MHz. The return wire need only be placed on the soil surface without any termination. Earthing resistance measurement deviation between the new tester and a conventional tester is less than ±20% for earthing resistance value of around 100Ω.
In the given paper the influense of accelerated electrons on photoelectrical, electrophysical and optical properties of Pb1-xMnxSe (x=0.01) and Pb1-xMnxTe (x=0.04) epitaxial films, grown on freshly broken faces of BaF2, have been investigated. It was established that the samples became more photosenstive after irradiation.
Object tracking is a challenging problem due to the presence of noise, occlusion, clutter and dynamic change in the scene other than the motion of the object of interest. A variety of tracking algorithms has been proposed and implemented to overcome the related difficulties, but there are still some problems need to be covered. In this paper, we present an approach for multiple objects tracking based on particle filter algorithm. We use the particle filter to predict the trajectory of the target. The problem of occlusion is predicted based on the likelihood measurement and estimated samples distance. The particle filter approximates a posterior probability density of the state using samples or particles. Each state is denoted as the hypothetical state of the tracked object and its weight which is predicted based on the system model. In this paper, the state is treated as a position, speed, size, scale and appearance of the object. The samples weight is considered as the likelihood of each particle which is measured based on the similarity between the colour feature of the target model and the objects. And finally, the mean state of the particles is treated as the estimated state of the object. The experiments are performed to confirm the effectiveness of the method to track multiple objects.
A comparative analysis of quantum-mechanical and classical simulation regarding corner effect in a Saddle MOSFET has been carried out using an advanced 3-D numerical simulator (Sentaurus-Synopsys). Corner effect is responsible for unstable threshold characteristics of the device and thus can raise serious issues regarding its performance. Classical simulations are normally used to model corner effect in devices especially with larger gate lengths (100nm). However as the device size shrinks to below 60-nm node, the quantum confinement's effects are vital in a device operation and hence cannot be ignored. We have therefore solved 2-D Poisson-Schrödinger equation by inclusion of Modified Local Density Approximation (MLDA) model in our simulations to show the quantum effects. We have shown that classical simulations give inaccurate results by overestimation of electron density (e-density) at the corners and placement of its maxima at wrong position i.e. the interface. Quantum simulations have been shown to give correct description of the device in terms of peak e-density position and magnitude at the corners, thus accurate description of corner effect and its impact on device threshold voltage characteristics.
Due to the fact that petroleum is decreased in nowadays and also the fact that the environment sustains a lot of damage, it is necessary to be replaced by renewable fuels that can be used in the engines and are friendlily to the environment. This paper examines the use of diesel-sun oil mixtures in Diesel four-stroke engine. The mixtures used are the following: diesel-5% soy oil, diesel-10% soy oil, diesel-20% soy oil oil, diesel-30% soy oil, diesel-40% soy oil, diesel-50% soy oil. For those mixtures the gas emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen monoxide (NO) and the smoke on different fuel temperatures are being measured.
The main objective of this paper is to provide a comparison between two diphone-based concatenative speech synthesis systems for Arabic language. In concatenative speech synthesis systems, speech is generated by joining small prerecorded speech units which are stored in the speech unit inventory. A diphone is a speech unit that begins at the middle of one phoneme and extends to the middle of the following one. Diphones are commonly used in concatenative text to speech (TTS) systems as they have the advantage of modeling co-articulation by including the transition to the next phone inside the unit itself. The first synthesizer in this comparison was implemented using the Festival TTS system and the other synthesizer uses the MARY TTS system. In this comparison, the differences between the two systems in handling some of the challenges of the Arabic language and the differences between the Festival TTS system and the MARY TTS system in the DSP modules are highlighted. Also, the results of applying the diagnostic rhyme test (DRT) on both of the synthesizers are illustrated.
Blocking is a non-smooth phenomenon, which is modelled as a stick-slip transition and a totally inelastic impact, that concur temporally and spatially. The physical realization of impactive blocking can be achieved in several ways, however its modelling is realized as a Coulomb like friction force characteristics with controlled/ adjustable height of the set-valued signum relation.
This work examines the correlation between the exhaust gas speeds in the exhaust system with operation rounds of an internal combustion engine. For this purpose it has been used a four-stroke, single cylinder, air cooled gasoline motorcycle linked to idraulic brake. For the measurement of the exhaust gas speed, it has been used a tube of Pitot, who was connected to the exhaust tube. Through to the Pitot tube, the measured differential pressure combined with the temperature of exhaust gas was reduced by a special unit signal processing speed exhaust. The recording of measurements was made using the software Vijeo Look Scada, which recorded the measurements from the unit PLC, which controls the brake. From the results of the measurements it was correlated the engine rounds under without load and with load operation with the gas emission speed. From the correlation it derived linear equations through which it can be calculated the engine speed (rpm) from the gas emission speed (m/s) and vice versa.
In this paper we present a bi-directional Auto-Zeroing Floating-gate Amplifier(AZFA). Due to gain and possibility of frequency band adjustment in both directions, the circuit is suited for designing bi-directional analog filters and amplifiers. The amplifier has different properties in each direction regarding frequency band and gain. The operation direction is controlled by swapping the V DD and GN D. The AZFA enjoys low component spread and compactness, containing only minimum size transistors and capacitors. These properties in addition to bidirectionality of the circuit can result in more compact systems.
The new differentiators are important for applications where the first, second, or higher-order derivative of a digital signal is required to be accurate at mid-range frequencies. In this paper hybrid optimization method is proposed for the design of digital differentiator. The proposed method explores and exploits the search space locally as well as globally to formulate the error between the practical digital differentiator and the ideal digital differentiator. A procedure is described which can be used to design digital differentiators satisfying prescribed specifications, not only simple and fast but also optimal in the least-squares sense.
Considering the possibility of unexpected situations, the authorities feel the necessity of keeping certain sub systems or components of aircraft under continuous scrutiny. Accordingly, sensors in flight control systems are considered as one of the crucial components of the system. The failure to detect faults is quite likely to cause very serious problems, which makes it vital to carry out effective fault detection and isolation processes. Through the determination of the size of the fault, it might be possible to make use of this information in the realization of the repair so that the detection of faults for complex systems might be carried out more effectively. In this study, the detection and isolation of sensor faults were carried out through bank of Unknown Input Observers. Additionally, a structure using fuzzy controllers was suggested in order to have an idea about the size of the fault. When this suggested structure is used, it might be possible to choose the most suitable control type to remove the effects of the fault during system reconfiguration following fault detection and isolation.
