In a recent paper, we extended a previous study on the solar solar influence to the generation of the March 2012 heatwave in the northeastern USA. In the present study we check the possible relationship of solar activity with the early March 2012 bad weather in northeast Thrace, Greece. To this end, we examined data from various remote sensing instrumentation monitoring the Sun (SDO satellite), Interplanetary space (ACE satellite), the Earth’s magnetosphere (Earth-based measurements, NOAA-19 satellite), the top of the clouds (Terra and Aqua satellites), and the near ground atmosphere. Our comparative data analysis suggests that: (i) the winter-like weather (rainfall, fast winds, decreased temperature) in Thrace started on 6 March 2012, the same day as the heatwave started in USA, (ii) during the March 2012 winter-like event in Thrace (6–15 March), the ACE satellite recorded enhanced fluxes of solar energetic particles (SEPs), while SOHO and PAMELA recorded solar protons at very high energies (>500 MeV), (iii) Between 3–31 March, the temperature in Alexandoupoli and the ACE/EPAM solar high energy (1.88–4.70 MeV) proton flux were strongly anticorelated (r = −0.75, p = 0.5). (iv) Thrace experienced particularly intense cyclonic circulation, during periods of magnetic storms on 8–10 and 12–13 March, which occurred after the arrival at ACE of two interplanetary shock waves, on March 8 and March 11, respectively, (v) at the beginning of the two above mentioned periods large atmospheric electric fields were recorded, with values ranging between ~−2000 V/m and ~1800 V/m on 8 March, (vi) the winter-like weather on 8–10 March 2012 occurred after the detection of the main SEP event related with a coronal mass ejection released in interplanetary space as a result of intense solar flare activity observed by SDO on 7 March 2012, (vi) the 8–10 March weather was related with a deep drop of ~63 °C in the cloud top temperature measured by MODIS/Terra, which favors strong precipitation. Finally, we analyzed data from the electric power network in Thrace (~41°N) and we found, for the first time sudden voltage changes of ~3.5 kV in the electric grid in Greece, during the decay phase of the March 2012 storm series. We discuss the winter-like March 2012 event in Thrace regarding the influence of solar cosmic rays on the low troposphere mediated by positive North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Finally, we infer that the novel finding of the geomagnetic effects on the electric power grid in Thrace may open a new window into space weather applications research.

This article addresses a construction prepared to allow the function of an outboard engine in conditions similar to the factual. An outboard gasoline engine with max power 4HP was placed on the referred construction. In order to measure the performance of the entire powertrain, a prototype measurement procedure was developed. According to this procedure the measurement of the force is made by a direct connection between the engine's rpm and applied load. During the measurements operating characteristics of the engine, as well as the exhaust gases, were recorded. For the measurement of the emitted pollutants, a laboratory protocol and measurement standards defined by 40 CFR 1045 were used.

Alternative energy use can help preserve the delicate ecological balance of the planet and help us conserve the non renewable energy sources like fossil fuels. In order to replace the fossil fuels with other fuels more efficient, economical and less harmful to the environment in terms of the transportation sector, the technology of conversion engine has been evolved so that the engines can run on LPG. In these conversions is common to be used CNG (compressed natural gas) or LPG (liquid petroleum gas) for conversions types of dual-fuel. This work deals with the examination of a four stroke Diesel engine from the viewpoint of pollution and funcion, using as fuels diesel-LPG and diesel-CNG. A series of laboratory instruments were used for the realisation of the experiments. Key-Words: Gas emissions, Diesel engine, Dual fuel engine, LPG, CNG.

Biofuels are fuels made from recently living organisms. They can be divided into three categories: 1) First-generation biofuels which are made largely from edible sugars and starches. 2) Second-generation biofuels, which are made from nonedible plant materials and 3) Third-generation biofuels, which are made from algae and other microbes. Biofuels are renewable, meaning their sources can be regrown. Advanced biofuels can offer environmental benefits such as lower carbon emissions and lower sulfur compared with conventional petroleum based fuels. The present paper examines the use of fuel gases (propane, 80%butane20%propane, natural gas) in a small four-stroke engine of internal combustion, which it is used for the movement of a small alternative generator. The electrical generator functioned without load and under different loads (500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 W), using as fuels gasoline and fuel gases. During the tests, it has been observed the CO and HC emissions for every fuel and load condition. The use of natural gas as fuel has as a result the CO and HC emissions decrease under different load. The flow of fuel gases was regulated so that until the load of 2000W the behavior of the engine from the aspect of efficiency to be the same with that of gasoline. This means that the engine rpm was the same for every electrical load in both fuels gasoline and fuel gases. During the tests, the consumption of gasoline and fuel gases was recorded and it has been noticed that they were increased when the electrical load was increased too. As far as the consumption of fuel gases is concerned, it has been noticed that it gives the same engine behavior from the aspect of power and engine rpm that the manufacturer gives for the use of gasoline. Key-Words: Gas emissions, propane, 80%butane20%propane, natural gas

Biofuels are fuels that are in essence biodegradable and non toxic. Moreover, they are manufactured from vegetable oils, waste cooking oils, animal fats and from recently living organisms. They can be divided into three categories: 1) firstgeneration biofuels which are made largely from edible sugars and starches; 2) second-generation biofuels, which are made from nonedible plant materials and; 3) third-generation biofuels, which are made from algae and other microbes. Advanced biofuels can offer environmental benefits such as emit less particulate pollution than other fuels and particularly fuels that are based on petroleum. They are renewable sources of energy, thus you can just keep produce more, cheaper than diesel and finally, they can reduce dependence on foreign oils. The present paper examines the use of fuel gases (propane, natural gas) in a small four-stroke engine of internal combustion, which it is used for the movement of a small alternative generator. The electrical generator functioned without load and under different loads (500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 W), using as fuels gasoline and fuel gases. During the tests, it has been observed the CO and HC emissions for every fuel and load condition. The use of natural gas as fuel had as a result the CO and HC emissions decrease under different load. The flow of fuel gases was regulated so that until the load of 2000W the behavior of the engine from the aspect of efficiency to be the same with that of gasoline. This means that the engine rpm was the same for every electrical load in both fuels gasoline and fuel gases. During the tests, the consumption of gasoline and fuel gases were recorded and it has been noticed that they were increased when the electrical load was increased too. As far as the consumption of fuel gases is concerned, it has been noticed that it gives the same engine behavior from the aspect of power and engine rpm that the manufacturer gives for the use of gasoline.

This work examines the exhaust gas temperature influence in CO2, CO, HC emissions in a fourstroke gasoline engine. The experiments have shown that the reduction of exhaust gas temperature has as a result the reduction of CO2, CO, HC with the exception of CO when then engine operated at 2500, 4500 and 7500 rpm.

Due to the fact that petroleum is decreased in nowadays and also the fact that the environment sustains a lot of damage, it is necessary to be replaced by renewable fuels that can be used in the engines and are friendlily to the environment. This paper examines the use of diesel-sun oil mixtures in Diesel four-stroke engine. The mixtures used are the following: diesel-5% soy oil, diesel-10% soy oil, diesel-20% soy oil oil, diesel-30% soy oil, diesel-40% soy oil, diesel-50% soy oil. For those mixtures the gas emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen monoxide (NO) and the smoke on different fuel temperatures are being measured.

This work examines the correlation between the exhaust gas speeds in the exhaust system with operation rounds of an internal combustion engine. For this purpose it has been used a four-stroke, single cylinder, air cooled gasoline motorcycle linked to idraulic brake. For the measurement of the exhaust gas speed, it has been used a tube of Pitot, who was connected to the exhaust tube. Through to the Pitot tube, the measured differential pressure combined with the temperature of exhaust gas was reduced by a special unit signal processing speed exhaust. The recording of measurements was made using the software Vijeo Look Scada, which recorded the measurements from the unit PLC, which controls the brake. From the results of the measurements it was correlated the engine rounds under without load and with load operation with the gas emission speed. From the correlation it derived linear equations through which it can be calculated the engine speed (rpm) from the gas emission speed (m/s) and vice versa.

Air pollution is made up of many kind of gases, droplets and particles that reduce the quality of the air. Particles include dust, dirt, soot, smoke and liquid droplets. Some of these particles are large enough to be seen as soot or smoke, while others are so small that can be detected individually with a microscope. Some particles are emitted directly into the air from a variety of sources that are either natural or related to human activity. Those related to human activity include motor vehicle emissions, industrial processes such as electricity generation, incinerators and stone crushing. At this paper will be compared the emissions of pollutants when are used as a fuel the mixtures of diesel-cotton oil and diesel- sunflower oil in a Diesel four-stroke engine. Specifically, the mixtures that have been used are the following: diesel-10% cotton oil, diesel-20% cotton oil, diesel-30% cotton oil, diesel-40% cotton oil, diesel-50% cotton oil, diesel- 10% sunflower oil, diesel- 20% sunflower oil, diesel- 30% sunflower oil, diesel- 40% sunflower oil, diesel- 50% sunflower oil. For those mixtures, it has been measured the emissions of Carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and Nitrogen monoxide (NO) and also the fuel consumption. Key words: Gas emissions; Cotton oil; Sunflower oil; CO-HC-NO-smoke emissions; Biofuels

In nowadays there are an increased number of cars and vehicles, which run on gasoline or diesel fuel. As a result of this are the production of air pollution and the need of imported oil as well. There is growing perceived economic and political need for the development of alternative fuel sources. This is due to general environmental, economic, and geopolitical concerns of sustainability. The lack of petroleum, and the need of protection of environment, led to its replacement from renewable fuels that can be used in the engines and are friendlily to the environment. This paper examines the use of diesel-soy oil mixtures in Diesel four-stroke engine. The mixtures that have been used are the following: diesel-5% soy oil, diesel-10% soy oil, diesel-20% soy oil, diesel-30% soy oil, diesel-40% soy oil, diesel-50% soy oil. The fuels were submitted in different temperatures 10°C, 20°C, 30°C. For those mixtures and for every fuel temperature the gas emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen monoxide (NO) are being measured and the fuel consumption is also examined.

Air pollution is any gas or particulate that originates from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Anthropogenic sources mostly related to burning different kinds of fuel for energy. Moreover, the exhaust from burning fuels in automobiles, homes and industries. Fuel quality has very strongly influences in diesel engine emissions like HC, CO, NOx and particulate emissions. This is due to the fact that fuel emissions depend on the formation and the combustion of the mixture. At the present paper will be examined the behavior of gas emissions in a four stroke engine when changes the temperature of fuel. The temperatures of fuel that has been used for the experiment were 10?C, 20oC, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C and 60°C. In addition, it has been used the following mixtures of fuels: diesel-5% olive seed oil, diesel- 10% olive seed oil, diesel-20% olive seed oil, diesel-30% olive seed oil, diesel-40% olive seed oil, diesel-50% olive seed oil. For the above temperatures, it has been measured the gas emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen monoxide (NO), mainly emissions (smoke) and also it has been examined the fuel consumption.

One of the major global problems is the air pollution. Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals that can threat the health of human being, animals, and plants as well as damage the environment. Some of these pollutants can be created by indoor activities, such as cooking, smoking, car emissions, smokestacks and other industrial inputs into the atmosphere. It also can be created by outdoor activities, such as smog and acid rain. The two main sources of air pollution are transportation and fuel combustion. The main aim of this essay is to examine the effect of temperature of fuel in the gas emissions that is used in four-stroke diesel engine. The temperatures of fuel that were used are 10οC, 20oC, 30oC, 40oC, 50oC and 60oC. For those fuel temperatures the gas emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen monoxide (NO), smoke are being measured and the fuel consumption is also examined. The industrialization of society, the introduction of motorized vehicles and the explosion of the population are factors contributing toward the growing air pollution problem. Moreover, the exhaust from burning fuels in automobiles, homes and industries is a major source of pollution in the air. Apart from the anthropogenic sources of air pollution there are natural sources as well. Natural sources related to dust from natural source, usually large areas of land with little or no vegetation, the smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires, volcanic activity etc. Air pollution not only affects the air we breathe, but it also impacts the land and the water. The human health effects of poor air quality are far reaching, but principally affect the body's respiratory system and the

Air pollution is any gas or particulate that originates from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Anthropogenic sources mostly related to burning different kinds of fuel for energy. Moreover, the exhaust from burning fuels in automobiles, homes and industries. Natural sources related to dust from natural source, usually large areas of land with little or no vegetation, the smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires, volcanic activity etc. The main causes by air pollution related deaths include aggravated asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, lung and heart diseases to human beings. There are several many types of air pollutant. These include smog, acid rain, the greenhouse effect and holes in the ozone layer. The atmospheric conditions such as the wind, rain, stability affect the transportation of the air pollutant. This paper examines the use of diesel-used vegetable oil mixtures in four-stroke diesel engine. The mixtures used are the following: diesel-5% used vegetable oil, diesel-10% used vegetable oil, diesel-20% used vegetable oil, diesel-30% used vegetable oil, diesel-40% used vegetable oil, diesel-50% used vegetable oil. For those mixtures the gas emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen monoxide (NO), smoke are being measured, and the fuel consumption is also examined.

Fuel quality has very strongly influences in diesel engine emissions like HC, CO, NOx and particulate emissions. This is due to the fact that fuel emissions depend on the formation and the combustion of the mixture. At the present paper will be examined the behavior of gas emissions in a four stroke engine when changes the temperature of fuel. The temperatures of fuel that has been used for the experiment were 10 degrees C, 20 degrees C, 30 degrees C, 40 degrees C, 50 degrees C and 60 degrees C. In addition, it has been used the following mixtures of fuels: diesel-5% olive seed oil, diesel-10% olive seed. oil, diesel-20% olive seed oil, diesel-30% olive seed oil, diesel-40% olive seed oil, diesel-50% olive seed oil. For the above temperatures, it has been measured the gas emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen monoxide (NO), mainly emissions (smoke) and also it has been examined the fuel consumption.

This paper examines the effect of temperature of fuel in the gas emissions that is used in four-stroke diesel engine. The temperatures of fuel that were used are 10 degrees C, 20 degrees C, 30 degrees C, 40 degrees C, 50 degrees C and 60 degrees C. For those fuel temperatures the gas emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen monoxide (NO) are being measured and the fuel consumption is also examined.

The lack of petroleum, and the need of protection of environment, led to its replacement from renewable fuels that can be used in the engines and are friendlily to the environment. This paper examines the use of diesel-sigma o gamma iota epsilon lambda alpha iota o oil mixtures in Diesel four-stroke engine. The mixtures used are the following: diesel-5% soy oil, diesel-10% soy oil, diesel-20% soy oil oil, diesel-30% soy oil, diesel-40% soy oil, diesel-50% soy oil. For those mixtures the gas emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen monoxide (NO) are being measured and the fuel consumption is also examined.

This paper refers to the use of gasoline-methanol mixtures in a four-stroke engine, which is used for the move of an alternative generator. In the tests the gas emissions and the fuel consumption, where examined at idle and under full load(1KW) conditions. Specifically, the mixtures: gasoline, gasoline-10%methanol 20%methanol, gasoline-30%methanol, gasoline-40%methanol, gasoline-50%methanol, gasoline-60%methanol, and gasoline-70%methanol where tested, without any regulation of the engine relatively to the air/fuel ratio, maintaining the original adjustment that concerned gasoline was maintained. An important reduction of emissions was noted while the percentage of the methanol was increased. During the tests the fuel consumption was recorded for every mixture separately and for every load condition. It was observed a small increase of consumption when the percentage of methanol in the fuel was increased.

The beginning of the 21st century finds humans more familiar with the concept of sustainable development. We must prevent the degradation of our environment focusing in more friendly technologies. This need lead scientists to the use of other energy sources that can be used with the same efficiency but won't have damaging effect to the environment. The increased vehicle number that usually uses petroleum-based fuels results to dangerous emissions production such as carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons (HQ, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and others. These emissions besides the fact that lead to environmental degradation they also constitute a threat for human health. People's concern about the risks associated with hazardous pollutants results to an increased demand for renewable fuels as alternatives to fossil fuels. This paper examines the use of diesel-cotton oil mixtures in Diesel four-stroke engine. The mixtures used are the following: diesel-10% cotton oil, diesel-20% cotton oil, diesel-30% cotton oil, diesel-40% cotton oil, diesel-50% cotton oil. For those mixtures the gas emissions of Carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), Nitrogen monoxide (NO) are being measured and the fuel consumption is also examined.

Nowadays the petroleum oil crisis is leading to the use of renewable sources of energy. This paper examines the use of diesel-sunflower oil mixtures in diesel engines. The mixtures used are the following: diesel-10% sunflower oil, diesel-20% sunflower oil, diesel-30% sunflower oil, diesel-40% sunflower oil, diesel-50% sunflower oil.For those mixtures the gas emissions of Carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and Nitrogen monoxide (NO) are being measured and the fuel consumption is also examined.