Adolescents frequently engage in spending behavior as part of their daily routines,but little is known about how such behavior contributes to their emotional well-being.Previous studies have shown that prosocial spending promotes happiness, yet most of thisresearch has been conducted in individualistic cultures and with adult participants. Thecurrent study aims to investigate whether remembering different types and amounts ofspending experiences affects adolescents' happiness and future behavioral intentions.Involving 127 adolescents aged 15–18 years, this research employed a 2x2 between-subjectsdesign using a recall-based task comparing the effects of spending money on oneself andothers at two different amounts (Rp 5,000 and Rp 20,000). Participants were instructed torecall a prior spending experience, complete the Subjective Happiness Scale, and choose thetype of spending they believed would bring them happiness. ANOVA results showed thatprosocial spending, especially at higher amounts, significantly increased happinesscompared to personal spending. However, logistic regression revealed that subsequentspending decisions were more influenced by the recall-based task context than currenthappiness levels. These findings highlight that recalling emotionally salient acts of givingenhances happiness, but subsequent behavioral intentions appeared to be shaped more bycontextual framing than by current emotional states. The practical implications highlight theimportance of integrating prosocial values into education and psychological interventions foradolescents, particularly within collectivist cultural contexts.
The integration of online learning greatly affects final-year students who are working on their thesis. One common challenge they face is academic procrastination. This quantitative study aimed to examine the relationship between self-control, time management, and authoritarian parenting on students’ academic procrastination. A total of 350 final-year students from the Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta were selected as participants through a convenience sampling method. Data was collected using scales for academic procrastination, self-control, time management, and authoritarian parenting. Data was analyzed using multiple regression, resulting in an F-value of 94.506 and a p-value of .000. The results showed that selfcontrol, time management, and authoritarian parenting were significantly correlated with academic procrastination. The beta coefficients for self-control and academic procrastination, as well as time management and academic procrastination, were negative, with values of -.286 and -.261, respectively. This indicated that high self-control and time management could reduce academic procrastination. Moreover, authoritarian parenting showed a significant value of .069, suggesting that students getting exposed to higher levels of such parenting style were more likely to engage in academic procrastination. The effective contribution of self-control, time management, and authoritarian parenting to academic procrastination was found to be 45%. Thus, improving self-control could be an effective strategy for reducing academic procrastination.
Over the past decade, the Basic Empathy Scale (BES) has become a standard tool for measuring empathy. Despite the reliability and cross-cultural applicability, challenges remain regarding the validity and generalizability. This study aimed to validate the BES using Rasch model to establish the reliability and validity of the instrument in measuring empathy. Participants in validation consisted of 200 students from Islamic Boarding Schools (Pesantren) in Java, Indonesia. This analysis was conducted using a quantitative method with Rasch model analysis by incorporating a Wright map, item fit analysis, a unidimensionality test, and Different Item Functioning (DIF). The results showed that the BES was reliable for measuring cognitive and affective empathy, confirming unidimensionality and item fit among participants. These findings implied that the BES was suitable for application among Islamic Boarding School students. DIF analysis further showed that some items might require revision to elicit more accurate results even though the instrument was considered valid and reliable.
Work problems for millennial employees are increasingly complex and the values accepted by the generation tend to conflict with organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Therefore, this research aimed to create and evaluate a theoretical framework that elucidated the impact of organizational climate on the OCB of millennial workers, with work-life balance as a moderator. A total of 384 millennial employees were obtained using purposive quota sampling. The data obtained were related to organizational climate, OCB, and work-life balance. Additionally, a quantitative method was adopted using data analysis through a structural equation model (SEM) and partial least squares path modeling (PLS-SEM). The results showed that the proposed model concerning the influence of organizational climate on citizenship behavior, with work-life balance serving as a moderating variable was consistent with empirical evidence. Organizational climate and work-life balance had a positive and highly significant impact on citizenship behavior. Furthermore, work-life balance effectively moderated the relationship between organizational climate and citizenship behavior of millennial employees. The implications of this research suggested that the model served as a valuable reference and could be implemented to address the challenges associated with OCB.
In recent years, the validity and relevance of psychological measurement tools have become a major research concern, particularly when used in different cultural contexts. One psychological construct that demonstrates the urgency of accurate measurement is persevering hope—a form of hope that persists in conditions of uncertainty and adversity. This study aimed to adapt the Persevering Hope Scale into the Indonesian language and examine its validity evidence based on internal structure and its relationship with flourishing among adolescents in the Jabodetabek area. This research employed a quantitative method with a cross-sectional design. A total of 924 adolescents were selected using convenience sampling. Data analysis was conducted using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) with AMOS to assess the validity and reliability of the instrument, as well as Spearman correlation analysis to examine the relationship between persevering hope and flourishing. The CFA results indicated that only 4 out of the original 15 items demonstrated a good model fit for the Indonesian population (CFI = 1.000; RMSEA = 0.000). Additionally, the scale showed good reliability, with a Composite Reliability (CR) of 0.833 and an Average Variance Extracted (AVE) of 0.56. Since the data did not meet the assumption of multivariate normality, Bollen-Stine Bootstrap testing was conducted, yielding a p-value of 0.441 (> 0.05), indicating an acceptable model. Spearman correlation analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between persevering hope and flourishing (r = 0.510, p < 0.01). These findings suggest that higher levels of persevering hope are associated with greater levels of flourishing among adolescents. The implications of this study highlight the importance of developing interventions to enhance persevering hope as a means to support adolescent mental well-being.
Off-task behavior is described as undesired actions in a classroom learning situation. Therefore, this research aimed to analyze the implementation of a token economy in reducing off-task behavior among elementary school students. The sample consisted of five elementary school teachers based on the location and a descriptive qualitative method was adopted using a case study. Additionally, data collection methods included observation, interviews, and documentation. The data were processed using domain analysis through the stages of reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing. The research showed that the implementation of token economy effectively reduced off-task behavior among students during the learning process. The implemented token economy comprised positive and negative reinforcement and punishment, as well as rewards and penalties. Moreover, other methods, such as ice-breaking activities, advice, and motivation, were used as additional reinforcements or support in mitigating off-task behavior among students.
Several studies have investigated the mental health impacts of climate change, with only a few examining the effect of social media use on climate anxiety. The spread of information through social media can exacerbate anxiety, including climate change anxiety. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the influence of social media use on climate anxiety among emerging adults. A cross-sectional design was used, with data collected from both males (n = 55) and females (n = 225). Participants completed a self-administered questionnaire that included demographic characteristics, the Social Media Use Integration Scale, and the Climate Anxiety Scale. Data were analyzed using a moderator analysis technique. The results showed social media use significantly predicted climate anxiety among emerging adults, confirming that higher social media use could directly increase climate anxiety. However, gender had no significant moderating effect on the relationship. These results had important theoretical and practical implications for understanding climate anxiety, especially in the digital era.
Behavioral problems among students have been observed to be a significant challenge that is prevalent in inclusive schools. An effective approach for addressing this issue includes the implementation of Positive Behavior Support (PBS). Therefore, this study aims to thoroughly explore important aspects of PBS and provide recommendations for the optimal implementation of the support program in inclusive schools using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR). In order to achieve the stated objective, the investigation adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines to review relevant articles. The article search focusedon publications from the last 5-10 years (2014-2024). Accordingly, inclusion and exclusion criteria were established with a sole focus on studies related to the implementation or implications of PBS, Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS), or School-Wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (SWPBIS). Articles were sourced from the Scopus electronic database, and out of the 415 publications obtained related to the subject matter, 16 were observed to completely meet the inclusion criteria. The reviewed studies were observed to have predominantly adopted quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. The obtained results showed that the important aspects of implementing effective PBS in inclusive schools consisted of school readiness (teachers and staff), inclusiveness of parents, contributions of professionals, engagement of the surrounding community, effective communication and cooperation among stakeholders, comprehensive planning to program evaluation, and availability of adequate school facilities. Moreover, staff and teacher training is also an important prerequisite for schools intending to successfully implement PBS intervention programs.
In the emerging adulthood phase, parental psychological control can cause an increase in the fear of failure among students, as they are afraid of disappointing their parents or being perceived as less competent. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the effectiveness of reality therapy in reducing the fear of failure among students at X University in Indonesia. Using the WDEP (Wants, Doing & Direction, Evaluation, Planning) framework, reality therapy could make students develop strategies to pursue personal goals they are afraid of failing to achieve. A total of 24 students from X University were selected as participants through purposive sampling. An experimental design was used, incorporating a pretest-posttest control group framework. Data were collected using the Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory (PFAI). The collected data were analyzed using the nonparametric Wilcoxon Signed-Rank and Mann-Whitney U tests. The results showed that reality therapy effectively reduced the fear of failure among students, with the effect sustained for 15 days (p < .05). In addition, a significant difference was observed in the reduction of the fear of failure between the experimental and control groups (p < .05). In summary, this research suggested that reality therapy could be an effective intervention to reduce the fear of failure.
The significant increase in suicide cases in Indonesia requires important attention from all parties. One of the efforts to prevent suicide is to develop resilience. This research aims to explore the noble potential of humans based on the Qur'an as a capital in developing resilience. This study conducts a literature study through a thematic interpretation of Quranic verses pertaining to human potential, resilience, and the trials faced by humanity, alongside an exploration of relevant scholarly journals. The results of this research find that the noble potential of humans is a protective factor, while the negative potential of humans is a risk factor that can lead individuals to life threatening actions. The concepts of resilience in the Qur'an include intelligence, excellence, freedom, responsibility, moral/ethical awareness, a God-given nature, and the willingness to improve oneself. This research recommends five important points: 1) building and honing resilience, 2) using Allah's perspective in interpreting adversity and suffering, 3) understanding life and the process of human creation comprehensively, 4) strengthening the God-given nature (hablu min Allah), and 5) strengthening family bonds. hese five recommendations can be implemented by strengthening aspects from personal, family, and educational institutions, both formal and non-formal.
Developmental tasks are a series of responsibilities that arise at each stage of life. Inchildren with intellectual disabilities, the development of independence has been observed toface more complex challenges due to certain limitations. To effectively support theindependence of this demographic, the role of the family in protecting respective rights has beenidentified to be an important aspect. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the correlation andeffect of mother-child interaction (MCI) on independence of children (IC) with intellectualdisabilities in Bogor City. The subjects consisted of 155 mothers who had children withintellectual disabilities aged 2-18 years. In order to achieve the stated objective, data werecollected using a non-probability sampling method with a purposive sampling method. Theinstruments used include the Parent-Child Relationship Schema Scale (PCRSS) developed byDixon et al. (2014) and Children Helping Out: Responsibilities, Expectations, and Support(CHORES) model introduced by Dun (2004). The results showed the presence of a positivecorrelation between MCI and IC (path coefficient (β) = .362, p = .000). Furthermore, severaldimensions of MCI, such as attention, mutual assistance, and affection, were significantly relatedto the independence of the observed demographic. Based on these results, it was inferred that ahealthy MCI led to the instillation of a higher level of independence in children with intellectualdisabilities. The effect test results showed a significant positive effect between MCI and IC, witha path coefficient of .371, a t-value of 4.016, and a very low p-value (p < .000). This reflected thatMCI had a significant impact on IC level.
The decline in the number of Civil Servants (Aparatur Sipil Negara/ASN) in Indonesia, as reported by the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) from 2020 to 2023, highlights significant challenges within the country’s bureaucratic system. Environmental instability driven by bureaucratic reform has been linked to reduced employee engagement, as individuals struggle to adapt to ongoing changes. Such discomfort may impact employees’ job satisfaction an essential construct to examine, given the strategic role of ASN in delivering public services and executing governmental functions. While prior studies have established a positive relationship between work engagement and job satisfaction, limited research has examined the moderating role of organizational culture, particularly hierarchical culture, within this relationship. Guided by the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model (Bakker & Demerouti, 2008), this study investigates hierarchical culture as a contextual resource potentially moderating the relationship between work engagement and job satisfaction. Data were collected through validated self-report instruments, including the Job Satisfaction Survey(JSS), Utrecht Work Engagement Scale-9 (UWES-9), and the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument. The survey was administered online to 203 ASN participants using convenience sampling. Hypothesis testing was conducted using PROCESS Macro Model 1 in SPSS v27.0 to examine the moderating effect. The results indicate that hierarchical culture does not significantly moderate the relationship between work engagement and job satisfaction. These findings suggest that hierarchical structures may not influence how engaged employees translate their engagement into satisfaction. Future research is encouraged to explore alternative moderators such as perceived organizational support or leadership styles to deepen understanding of the mechanisms underlying employee satisfaction in public sectorsettings.
The elderly population in Indonesia and childcare are associated with subjective wellbeing (SWB) of grandparents. On the other hand, achieving SWB is important for living a mentally healthy life. Therefore, this research aimed to predict grandparents SWB through social support, physical health, and self-esteem. A quantitative correlational method was used with 350 respondents aged 45-75 years obtained by simple random sampling technique. Data collection used four instruments, including the SWB, social support, health status, and self-esteem scale, while data analysis was performed with path analysis. The results showed that social support, health, and self-esteem affected grandparents SWB directly and indirectly. The indirect path of self-esteem as a mediator contributed more than the direct path of social support and health status. The implication of this research is to improve grandparents SWB by strengthening intergenerational relationships as a form of providing meaningful social support. This offers opportunities for grandparents to contribute to the family and community, participate in various social activities, and easily access health facilities.
Psychological well-being is characterized by low stress levels and influenced by financial factors. Therefore, this research aims to determine the effect of financial behavior on stress mediated by financial well-being. An instrument validation test was conducted with 200 participants, followed by a hypothesis model including 266 individuals aged 20–40 years with irregular income patterns. Monte Carlo simulations suggested that a sample of 200 was estimated to produce statistical power approaching 0.8 using a purposive non-probability method. Stress instrument, Financial Management Behavior Scale, and Financial Well-being Scale from DASS-21, Dew and Xiao (2011), and Prawitz (2006) were adopted, respectively. According to the hypothesis, financial well-being mediated the relationship between behavior and stress. Data analysis was performed using an efficient macro process in the statistical analysis process. The results showed that financial well-being had a full mediating role in the influence of financial behavior on stress. The primary contribution of this research lies in offering insights into stress reduction through the enhancement of financial well-being.
The anxiety level in medical students is higher compared to other majors, thereby necessitating effective intervention. Gadjah Mada Anxiety Intervention for Medical Students (GAMAAIMS) was developed to overcome anxiety using cognitive educational therapy. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the GAMA-AIMS application by examining the differences in anxiety levels of health students before and after use. A quasi-experimental with pretests and post-tests was carried out on 86 students of Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada. Anxiety levels were measured using the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (TMAS) questionnaire and statistical analysis was carried out through a paired T-test. Before the intervention, the prevalence of mild, moderate, and severe anxiety among participants was the same, at 33.3%. However, after the intervention, only 3.03% of participants experienced moderate anxiety, followed by severe and mild, with percentages of 12.12% and 84.84%, respectively. The results of the paired Ttest showed a fairly strong relationship between anxiety levels before and after the intervention (Cohen’s d coefficient = 1.04) which was statistically significant with a p-value of .000001 (p < .05). Therefore, the GAMA-AIMS mobile application was effective in reducing the anxiety levels of medical students.
Resilience is a crucial ability for late adolescents with divorced parents to face daily life post parental issues. In this context, social support and self-efficacy have a relationship and role with resilience. Therefore, this research aimed to show the simultaneous relationship between social support and self efficacy with resilience using a quantitative method. Data collection tools used were The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), and the General Self Efficacy Scale (GSES). The subjects were 105 late adolescents with divorced parents in Indonesia. Furthermore, Pearson correlation analysis and multiple linear regression were adopted. The results showed that social support and self-efficacy had a significant positive influence on resilience. The higher the role of social support and self-efficacy, the greater resilience of late adolescents with divorced parents. The results had implications for managing social support with self-efficacy to increase resilience in late adolescents with divorced parents.
Post-COVID-19 pandemic, the phenomenon of quiet quitting has become a global spotlight, characterized by an increased prevalence of employee engagement in quiet quitting behaviors.. Quiet quitting is an intentional act by employees to only fulfill the basic duties of their job without any effort to provide performance beyond what is expected. Previous studies have found that quiet quitting is related to job satisfaction, which is a positive feeling from the evaluation of the characteristics of a particular job, as well as organizational justice, which is employees' perception of fairness in the organization. This study aims to examine the effect of job satisfaction on quiet quitting behavior among Generation Z employees, with organizational justice as a mediating variable. The research was conducted on 182 Generation Z employees who were taken based on convenience sampling. Data was collected online by distributing the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire, Quiet Quitting Scale, and Organizational Justice Scale. Data was analyzed with path analysis method using JASP. The results of this study show that job satisfaction has an effect on quiet quitting with the mediation of organizational justice. Without the role of organizational justice, job satisfaction has no effect on quiet quitting. It can be concluded that organizational justice plays an important role in mediating the influence of job satisfaction on quiet quitting. The findings of this study can be implemented into educational programs about quiet quitting and organizational justice to minimize the potential for quiet quitting among Generation Z employees.
Morality always becomes the basis for evaluating behavior in life regarding whatis acceptable and what is not. This study examined how gender and moral dilemma typeinfluence moral judgment (affirmative response, moral acceptability), emotional arousal,and valence in 60 Indonesian participants (30 female, 30 male; mean age = 22.45). Theresearch employed an experimental method using a factorial design and a vignette-basedscenario approach. Using a mixed factorial ANOVA, the results showed a significant maineffect of moral decision type on judgment, with deontological responses rated moreaffirmatively than utilitarian ones, where deontological judgments prioritize adherence tomoral rules or duties regardless of outcomes (e.g., refusing to harm one person even if itwould save many), while utilitarian judgments focus on the consequences of actions andaim to maximize overall well-being (e.g., endorsing harm to one if it leads to a greater good),(F(1, 56) = 13.74, p < .001, η2 = .197). Gender did not significantly affect moral acceptabilityor decision type, but females reported higher emotional arousal than males (F(1, 56) =5.93, p = .018, η2 = .096). Moral dilemma type significantly influenced both arousal (F(3,168) = 7.18, p < .001, η2 = .114) and acceptability (F(3, 168) = 10.24, p < .001, η2 = .154).Incidental harm was judged most acceptable, and elicited the highest arousal. Valenceratings were consistently negative across conditions, indicating the distressing nature ofmoral conflict. Theoretically, these findings support dual-process models of moralcognition, highlighting the dominant role of emotional arousal and contextual factors—particularly perceived intentionality and personal relevance—over stable individual traitslike gender. Practically, understanding how emotional and contextual variables shapemoral judgment can inform the development of ethics training and decision-makinginterventions in emotionally charged environments where professionals must often makemorally complex decisions under emotional pressure.
Stigma toward mental illness is a major barrier to individuals experiencingpsychological distress within Muslim communities. Cultural stigma, often misinterpreted asreligious doctrine, has become deeply rooted and influences community perceptions,contributing to low awareness and limited understanding of the importance of mental health. Therefore, this study aims to identify common forms of stigma and explore Islamic value-based peer support models for strengthening resilience. The method used was Systematic Literature Review (SLR) guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews andMeta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 framework. A comprehensive literature search wasconducted through Google Scholar and PubMed. The inclusion criteria were scholarly articlespublished between 2015 and 2025, leading to 16 studies meeting the selection requirements.The results showed that familial stigma, community attitudes, and misattributed spiritualbeliefs are the main obstacles to seeking professional help. However, integratingpsychological approaches with faith-based frameworks improved awareness, reducedstigma, and enhanced individual resilience. This study is expected to inform the developmentof more effective and culturally sensitive peer support programs in Muslim communities.
This study aimed to examine the effect of sensory integration therapy inimproving the writing skills of children with special needs at the N-Ergy Psychology Center.A qualitative experimental method was adopted, specifically a Single Subject Research (SSR)design with an A-B-A' pattern. The sample consisted of 3 children subjected to psychomotortherapy at the center. Data were collected using a tracing test, the Beery VMI, VisualPerception and Motor Coordination subtests, as well as handwriting observation. Analysiswas conducted visually and presented in the form of tables and graphs to reflect changes insubjects' behavior before, during, and after the intervention. The results showed animprovement in writing skills across all participants. Sample MAB had a mean score of 0.333in Phase A-1, which increased to 3.692 in Phase B, and 6 in Phase A-2. The mean score ofAFR increased from 4 in Phase A-1 to 8.077 in Phase B, and further to 13.33 in Phase A-2.SANA increased from 13 in Phase A-1 to 15.231 in Phase B, and slightly decreased to 14 inPhase A-2. In addition to improved tracing test scores, enhancements were also observed inthe Beery VMI scores, Visual Perception and Motor Coordination subtests, as well ashandwriting quality. These results suggest that sensory integration therapy has a positiveeffect on improving the writing skills of children with special needs. Therapy can beeffectively implemented in individualized settings in therapy institutions by providingappropriate sensory stimulation and engaging parents actively to achieve optimal outcomes.
