Background: Antimicrobial resistance is a global public health threat, undermining the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases in humans and animals. Purpose: Investigated the antimicrobial resistance profiles and molecular characteristics of ESBL-producing E. coli from live-bird markets to evaluate their potential as sources of contamination and transmission of resistant bacteria. Method: In this cross-sectional study, 300 cloacal swabs from indigenous, broiler, and layer chickens across three markets (Bigwa, Kingalu, Mawenzi) were cultured for E. coli using standard microbiological and biochemical methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion following CLSI guidelines. ESBL production was confirmed phenotypically by the Combined Disk Test, and ESBL genes (blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaSHV) were detected by PCR. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel, Epi Info™ 7, and Chi-square tests. Results: Of 300 samples, E. coli was isolated in 98.3% (n=294), with 78.9% (n=263) showing multidrug resistance (MDR). MDR prevalence varied significantly by poultry type (p<0.0001): broilers (100%), layers (85%), and indigenous chickens (79%). High resistance was observed to ciprofloxacin (75.8% broilers, 63% layers, 24% indigenous) and ampicillin (100% broilers, 43% layers, 72% indigenous). Among ESBL genes, only blaTEM was detected (2.7%, n=8), while blaCTX-M and blaSHV were absent. Conclusion: These findings underscore the role of poultry and live-bird markets in disseminating antimicrobial-resistant bacteria with potential human transmission. Strengthened surveillance, public awareness, prudent antibiotic use, and enhanced biosecurity including vaccination and improved hygiene are essential to mitigate AMR, prevent disease, and reduce reliance on antimicrobials.
Background: The emergence of a zoonotic disease pathogen in humans commonly reflects their exposure to mammalian wildlife, such as bats. Bats are significant bacteria reservoir responsible for both pathogens’ transmission and environmental contamination. However, despite their potential, few studies in Tanzania have used metagenomic tools to characterize zoonotic bacterial profiles from animals, thus highlighting a critical gap in regional microbial surveillance efforts. Purpose: This study sought to utilize nanopore sequencing platforms in the detection of microbiome in tissue collected from bats within the Bunduki ecosystem. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to March 2024. Bats were live-trapped using mist-net from undisturbed forests. DNA was extracted directly from pooled tissue samples using DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit (cat. No. 69506) and the library for nanopore next-generation sequencing was prepared using the Rapid PCR Barcoding Kit 24 V14 (Oxford Nanopore Technologies), we used ONT Guppy v6.4.2 with the 9.4.1 450 bps SUP model for base calling from the MinION sequencing data and the data were run in CZ ID for a metagenomic overview. Results: A total of 30 live bats were captured, a pooled sample uncovered several microbial taxa; those with opportunistic properties include Leclercia adecarboxylata; of environmental properties include Cupriavidus basilensis, Cupriavidus nantongensis, Cupriavidus oxalaticus, Emticicia oligotrophica; that of plants, Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum; and Bacteriophages, Escherichia phage DW-EC. Such findings increase the value of bat microbiota at the human–animal–environment interface. Conclusion: These results provide baseline data for microbial surveillance in Tanzania. Although there are pooling limitations, this work highlights the importance of the integration of metagenomics into One Health approaches for early detection and control of zoonotic menace, especially in areas with high interaction between wildlife and humans.
Background: Recognized as a relatively common surgical condition in geriatric male dogs, particularly intact individuals, perineal hernia occurs due to the weakening or rupture of the pelvic diaphragm muscles. Anatomical failure allows for the protrusion of pelvic or abdominal organs such as the rectum, prostate, or urinary bladder into the perineal region. Improvement of treatment outcomes and recovery, a thorough understanding of the physiological responses and tissue adaptations occurring during and after surgical correction is essential. Purpose: Explored in this case report are the physiological responses and tissue adaptations in a dog diagnosed with a perineal hernia involving the urinary bladder (vesica urinaria), encompassing both pre- and post-surgical periods, while evaluating the effectiveness of the surgical and postoperative management approach. Case(s): A 12 year old intact male dog was presented with progressive perineal swelling and dysuria. Physical examination and rectal palpation identified a unilateral perineal hernia, with the urinary bladder herniated into the perineal region. Case Management: Surgical correction was performed using the internal obturator muscle flap technique. Preoperative stabilization included fluid therapy and analgesia, while postoperative care consisted of antibiotics, pain management, and daily wound care. Monitoring was conducted over four weeks to evaluate tissue adaptation and urinary function recovery. Conclusion: Mild to moderate inflammation was observed during the first postoperative week, followed by granulation tissue formation and progressive strengthening by the third week. Successful recovery indicates that the internal obturator flap technique is effective for repairing perineal hernia involving the urinary bladder.
Background: Infection with protozoa of genus Eimeria serves as the primary etiology of caprine coccidiosis, causing significant economic losses in tropical region like Indonesia. Purpose: Determination of the prevalence and associated infection risks in goats reared in Pempatan, Karangasem, Bali, was the primary objective of this investigation. Method: Conducted from November 2025 to January 2026, this cross sectional study utilized 206 fecal samples, which were analyzed using flotation with saturated salt solution and sedimentation techniques. Interviews with farmers and local veterinarians were conducted to identify potential risk factors. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS version 26, wherein binary logistic regression was employed to analyze the relationship between risk factors and Eimeria spp. infection, with statistical significance determined via Wald’s test (p<0.05). Results: A Eimeria spp. were identified in 105 of 206 samples, yielding a prevalence of 50.97%. Significant correlations (p<0.05) were identified between infection status and factors such as age, livestock origin, and housing hygiene, while population density and general pen cleanliness showed no significant association (p>0.05). Young goats had a 2.9 times higher infection risk than adults (p = 0.001; OR = 2.898). Goats originating from outside Karangasem showed an 8.5 times higher risk than on-site bred (p = 0.004; OR = 8.476). Goats in unsanitary pens faced a 2.9 times higher risk than those in clean environments (p = 0.010; OR = 2.854). Conclusion: Characterized as moderate, the prevalence of coccidiosis among goats in Pempatan, Karangasem, Bali, necessitates urgent management interventions, including age-based grouping, stringent control of livestock movement, and the application of robust sanitation protocols for effective Eimeria spp. control.
Background: Among the surgical conditions affecting small ruminants, fractures of unique anatomical structures such as horns are prevalent, frequently resulting in acute pain, reduced weight gain, and diminished reproductive efficiency. Inevitable culling often follows if these injuries are not promptly managed. Purpose: Described in this case report is the successful surgical management of a unilateral horn fracture in a 2 year old male Red Sokoto buck, with emphasis placed on the alleviation of complications and the critical importance of prompt intervention. Case(s): Presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Ilorin, was a Red Sokoto buck weighing 19 kg following a traumatic injury. Identified during clinical examination was an incomplete left horn fracture without involvement of adjacent structures. While vital parameters remained within normal limits, leucocytosis with neutrophilia was indicated by haematological analysis, suggesting a systemic response to trauma. Case Management: Achieved through xylazine sedation, local desensitization was further ensured via lidocaine infiltration of the cornual nerves. Following a circular incision at the skin horn junction, the skin was undermined to facilitate gigli wire placement; subsequently, the horn was removed, and the skin was apposed with nylon sutures. Post operative care encompassed antibiotic therapy, analgesics, and patient confinement. Uneventful healing was observed, leading to suture removal 12 days post surgery. Conclusion: Underscored by this case is the effectiveness of prompt surgical intervention in managing caprine horn fractures. Safe and favorable recovery was yielded by the implementation of dehorning with skin advancement. Critical factors in minimizing complications and safeguarding animal welfare include early detection, appropriate analgesia, and proper husbandry practices.
Background: Uterine disorders in feline medicine are rarely reported but may result in severe clinical consequences if diagnosis is delayed. Uterine ulceration is an uncommon pathological condition characterized by focal damage to the endometrium that can extend into deeper uterine layers, often associated with inflammation and hemorrhage. Because clinical signs such as lethargy, anorexia, and abnormal vaginal discharge are frequently nonspecific, diagnosis is often delayed. Purpose: This case report describes the clinical presentation, diagnostic findings, and therapeutic management of uterine ulceration in a cat, with emphasis on uterine hemorrhage as an important diagnostic indicator. Case(s): Female cat was presented with a history of hyporexia, lethargy, and intermittent hemorrhagic vaginal discharge. Physical examination revealed pale mucous membranes, mild dehydration, and abdominal pain upon palpation. Hematological analysis showed mild anemia and leukocytosis, indicating ongoing blood loss and systemic inflammation. Ultrasonographic examination identified irregular thickening of the uterine wall and echogenic intraluminal material, findings consistent with uterine hemorrhage. Based on these findings, uterine ulceration was considered the primary diagnosis. Case Management: Patient was stabilized using intravenous fluid therapy along with antibiotics, analgesics, and anti-inflammatory drugs. Due to persistent uterine bleeding, ovariohysterectomy was performed as definitive treatment, and the diagnosis was confirmed through gross and histopathological evaluation. Conclusion: Uterine ulceration with hemorrhage is a rare but important condition in cats. Early recognition and appropriate management can result in favorable outcomes.
Background: Significant health risks to humans and livestock are posed by rodents, which act as synanthropic pests damaging crops and food while harboring blood-feeding ectoparasites. These ectoparasites function as critical vectors for various zoonotic diseases. Purpose: Investigation was undertaken to determine the diversity, prevalence, and seasonal variation of rodent ectoparasites in the Kilombero district to elucidate their role in disease transmission. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Kilombero District between November 2022 and February 2023. Trapping of rodents was performed across human residences, peridomestic areas, and crop vegetation. Following anesthesia with diethyl ether, ectoparasite collection was executed, with subsequent identification based on standard taxonomic keys. Results: Peak prevalence of rodents was observed during the wet season (64.1%) compared to the dry season (35.9%). Mastomys natalensis was identified as the predominant species (57.4%) during the wet season, with nearly 40% captured within crop vegetation. Of the 387 rodents captured, a male predominance of 58.9% was recorded, while females comprised 41.1%. Specifically, male Mastomys natalensis constituted 51.9% (201/387) of the total catch, whereas male Rattus rattus accounted for 6.7% (26/387). Recovery of 1,803 ectoparasites was achieved, with Laelaps spp. (90.3%) identified as the most prevalent, followed by Xenopsylla brasiliensis (7.4%), Haemaphysalis spp. (1.2%), and Echidnophaga gallinacea (1.1%). During the wet season, infestation with Laelaps spp. was found in 183 (73.8%) of the 248 captured rodents, with Mastomys natalensis harboring 90% of the mites. In the dry season, 301 ectoparasites were recovered, of which approximately three-quarters were Laelaps spp. (75.4%), primarily sourced from Mastomys natalensis (88.4%). Conclusion: Enhanced management of rodent ectoparasites and increased community awareness regarding their presence are recommended to mitigate the potential transmission of zoonotic diseases.
Background: Haemoparasite infections represent a major cause of equine morbidity and mortality. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence, species distribution, and risk factors of these infections among horses in Kwara and Niger States, North Central Nigeria. Purpose: Investigating the occurrence of both single and mixed haemoparasite species, this research examined how factors such as age, body condition, and packed cell volume (PCV) influence infection rates in apparently healthy horses. Method: Sampling was performed on 102 apparently healthy horses, followed by blood collection and analysis via wet mount and thin blood smear techniques. Evaluation of the PCV was achieved using the haematocrit technique. For statistical analysis, univariate logistic regression was employed, with a value of p<0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Positivity for at least one haemoparasite species was identified in 57 horses, representing 55.88% (95% CI: 46.21–65.13) of the sampled population. Detected were five distinct species: Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia caballi, Theileria equi, Microfilaria of Setaria equina, and Trypanosoma equi identified as the most abundant at 34.31% (95% CI: 25.82–43.95). Furthermore, significant predictors associated with infection prevalence were determined to be age, body condition score, sex, PCV count, and horse ownership. Conclusion: Raised by the high infection rate in the study area is a noticeable concern regarding equine health. Underscored by these findings is the necessity for stringent control of ticks and other arthropod vectors to curtail the transmission of haemoparasites among horses within the region and across Nigeria.
Background: Activity of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system (RAAS) may be influenced by renal disorders, potentially contributing to the development of systemic hypertension. Persistent hypertension increases cardiac workload and may lead to structural cardiac changes, including ventricular dilation and cardiac remodeling. Purpose: Description is provided herein regarding the diagnostic findings and therapeutic management of crystalluria associated with systemic hypertension and suspected right ventricular dilatation in a dog. Case (s): Presentation of a 2.5 year old female Pug dog weighing 5.85 kg was made with a seven-month history of white urine residues and a two month history of stranguria. Identification of white deposits around the vulva, pain upon urinary bladder palpation, and rhonchi on thoracic auscultation was made during physical examination. Urinalysis revealed numerous struvite crystals, proteinuria (+++), a urine pH of 7, and a specific gravity of 1.015, while lymphocytopenia was demonstrated via hematological examination. Detection of sediment in the urinary bladder and hyperechoic structures in the renal medulla was achieved through ultrasonography. Furthermore, rounding of the right cardiac border was observed on thoracic radiography, and right ventricular thickening with possible dilation was suggested by echocardiography. Marked hypertension (191/167 mmHg) was confirmed through blood pressure measurement. Case Management: Therapeutic intervention consisted of amoxicillin clavulanic acid (12.5 mg/kg orally twice daily for 7 days), enalapril maleate (0.5 mg/kg orally once daily for 7 days), a urinary tract supplement containing N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (½ capsule orally once daily for 14 days), and dietary management utilizing a renal support diet. Significant clinical improvement and normalization of blood pressure were observed after 14 days of treatment, although a residual presence of struvite crystals in the urine sediment was noted. Conclusion: After 14 days of treatment, the clinical condition improved and blood pressure returned to within normal limits, although a reduced number of struvite crystals remained in the urine sediment.
Background: Hot climate condition remains a challenge that impact gut health leading to enteritis, which results growth suppression in poultry. Other hand, to maintain the gut health and support growth performance, antimicrobials are being used which accompanied with multidrug microbial resistance development. Purpose: This experiment was aimed to evaluate the effect of citric and acetic acids added acidifier drinking water on broiler growth performance under hot climate condition. Method: Total of 135 one day old ross 308 broiler chicks were procured, kept under a deep litter production system and randomly assigned to five experimental groups: “C” as control received normal tap water, T1 received 0.5% citric acid, T2 1% citric acid, T3 0.5% acetic acid, and T4 received 1% acetic acid in drinking water thorough the experiment. Experimental group was divided into 3 replicates containing 9 chicks each. Results: Body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were depressed (p<0.05) from day 1 to 7th, while BWG and FCR both improved (p<0.05) from day 7 to 21st in T3 & T4 groups. During finisher phase (from day 21st to 42nd), the 1% citric acid addition to the drinking water improved (p<0.05) FCR. Cumulative BWG, daily weight gain (DWG) and FCR also were better (p<0.05) at 1% citric acid supplemented level which demonstrated 100% survivability compared to control, whereas acetic acid had no effect during finisher phase. Cumulative FI, European Production Efficiency Factor (EPEF) and European Broiler Index (EBI) remained unaffected among the treatment groups. Conclusion: Experimental demonstrated that acetic acid enhanced chick growth performance during the starter phase, whereas citric acid exhibited a superior effect across the entire production cycle.
Background: Ascites is a frequent clinical finding in cats, representing an underlying systemic disorder rather than a definitive diagnosis. In pediatric felines, abdominal effusion is commonly associated with Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) or helminthiasis, often causing diagnostic bias toward infectious etiologies. However, non-infectious causes like malnutrition, hepatic dysfunction, and inflammatory processes must be considered, particularly in rescued kittens with uncertain nutritional histories. Purpose: Identification chronic malnutrition as a significant non infectious contributor to ascites in a kitten, emphasizing the necessity of nutritional assessment within a systematic diagnostic approach to improve clinical decision-making. Case(s): A two month old male domestic kitten (0.35 kg) was presented with progressive abdominal distension, alopecia, bilateral distal forelimb swelling, and poor body condition following uncontrolled feeding with nutritionally inadequate wet food. Physical examination identified mild hypothermia and a low body condition score. Hematology showed macrocytic anemia and leukocytosis, while serum biochemistry revealed mild hypoalbuminemia, elevated alanine aminotransferase activity, and reduced calcium and phosphate concentrations. Radiography confirmed free abdominal fluid, and abdominocentesis yielded turbid effusion dominated by degenerate neutrophils. A negative Rivalta Test subsequently reduced the likelihood of FIP. Case Management: Management focused on nutritional correction and supportive intervention. Transition to a high energy, high protein formulation ensured metabolic recovery. Supportive treatment included vitamin B complex injections, hepatoprotective therapy, oral pyrantel pamoate, and empirical amoxicillin targeting suspected suppurative inflammation. Ad libitum water access was provided alongside hydration monitoring. Conclusion: Rapid clinical improvement following nutritional intervention supports malnutrition as a primary factor in ascites development. Integrating nutritional evaluation is essential in the diagnostic workup of ascites in young rescued cats.
Background: Among the commonly isolated pathogenic bacteria in sheep and goats, Salmonella and Klebsiella species are frequently identified as significant health risks to small ruminants. Purpose: Critical insights are provided herein to improve the diagnosis, treatment, and management of infections caused by Salmonella and Klebsiella species, thereby enhancing the overall health and productivity of small ruminant populations. Method: Collection was performed on a total of 110 rectal, preputial, and vaginal swab samples from sheep (33) and goats (77). Sub-culturing of the isolates was conducted using Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate (XLD) and Klebsiella selective agar. Subsequent identification was achieved through biochemical assays and an online bacteriological identification system, followed by antimicrobial susceptibility testing in accordance with Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Data analysis was executed using the Chi-square test, with a p-value of less than 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: A higher prevalence of Salmonella enterica was observed in sheep (6.1%) compared to goats (2.6%), whereas Klebsiella sp. were found to be more common in goats (19.5%) than in sheep (12.1%). Within the age distribution, the highest prevalence of both Salmonella enterica (6.5%) and Klebsiella sp. (9.7%) was recorded in animals less than one year old. Regarding sex, a higher prevalence of Salmonella enterica was demonstrated in females (4.6%) compared to males (2.2%). High levels of antimicrobial resistance were identified for Cefotaxime 19 (95.0%), CPX-Ciprofloxacin 12 (60.0%), PEF-Pefloxacin 16 (80.0%), AU-Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid 18 (90.0%), CEP-Cephalexin 16 (80.0%), TRX-Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole 14 (70.0%), and CEF-Ceftriaxone 19 (95.0%). Conversely, the lowest resistance rate was exhibited by OFX-Ofloxacin 3 (15.0%). Conclusion: Ofloxacin is identified as the most effective antimicrobial agent, while cefepime is characterized as the least effective.
Background: Chronic rhinitis in cats represents a persistent inflammatory condition of the upper respiratory tract, frequently complicated by secondary bacterial infections and exacerbated by comorbidities, such as ectoparasite infestations. Protracted infections significantly diminish feline quality of life, necessitating a comprehensive therapeutic approach to address both primary etiologies and contributing factors. Purpose: Evaluation was undertaken regarding the efficacy of combination nebulization therapy utilizing bromhexine hydrochloride and gentamicin sulfate in ameliorating clinical symptoms of chronic rhinitis in a domestic cat concurrently infested with Sarcoptes scabiei and Felicola subrostratus. Case(s): Presentation of a domestic cat was made for persistent sneezing exceeding one month in duration, accompanied by bilateral mucopurulent nasal discharge, wheezing, severe pruritus, and crusted cutaneous lesions. Identification of Streptococcus sp. was achieved through cytology and culture of nasal secretions, while infestations of Sarcoptes scabiei and Felicola subrostratus were confirmed via trichogram and flea comb examination. Chronic inflammatory processes were further evidenced by hematological findings of leukocytosis and lymphocytosis. Case Management: Therapeutic intervention was executed through nebulization involving bromhexine hydrochloride as a mucolytic agent and gentamicin sulfate as a localized antibiotic. This regimen was integrated with systemic methylprednisolone for inflammation suppression, spot on selamectin for ectoparasite control, and nutritional supplementation to facilitate systemic recovery. Conclusion: Favorable clinical responses in the management of feline chronic rhinitis were demonstrated by the combination of nebulized bromhexine and gentamicin. Significant amelioration of respiratory symptoms was observed within seven days, whereas resolution of cutaneous lesions and ectoparasite infestations was evident by day 14. Effectiveness in enhancing clinical outcomes in complex cases with multifaceted comorbidities is highlighted by this integrated therapeutic approach.
Background: Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease is a complex clinical condition in cats that commonly results in inflammation of the urinary bladder, crystalluria, bacterial infection, and urethral obstruction, particularly in male cats. Purpose: This case report aims to describe the clinical course, diagnostic findings, and effectiveness of multimodal therapeutic management in a male cat with bacterial cystitis accompanied by persistent struvite crystalluria and partial urethral obstruction. Case(s): Ragdoll (male, 2 years old) presenting with stranguria, pollakiuria, hematuria, and lethargy underwent comprehensive clinical evaluation supported by hematological analysis, urinalysis, and ultrasonography. Case Management: Management involved a multimodal therapeutic approach including intravenous fluid therapy, urethral catheterization, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory agents, urethral relaxants, glycosaminoglycan supplementation, a therapeutic urinary diet, and environmental modification. Urethral obstruction was managed with smooth catheter, secured for four days, periodically flushed with sterile saline to reduce debris and crystals. Serial evaluations were conducted up to day 60. Physical examination revealed mild dehydration, pale mucous membranes, and a distended urinary bladder. Hematological examination demonstrated leukocytosis, lymphocytosis, granulocytopenia, and thrombocytopenia consistent with systemic inflammation. Initial urinalysis showed hematuria, marked proteinuria, positive leukocytes and nitrites, a urine specific gravity of 1.015, and moderate to abundant struvite crystals. Ultrasonographic findings included thickening of the urinary bladder wall with hyperechoic sediment and increased cortical echogenicity of the left kidney. Multimodal therapy resulted in progressive clinical and laboratory improvement. Evaluation on day 60 showed normalization of hematological parameters, near-normal urinalysis results, and resolution of urinary bladder sediment. Conclusion: Clinical insights gained from this case emphasize that dietary compliance, stress reduction, and vigilant long-term surveillance are critical for resolving complex FLUTD.
Background: Infection with Dipylidium caninum, a zoonotic cestode, is frequently observed in cats and may lead to significant gastrointestinal disturbances. For the detection of such parasites, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is widely employed due to its superior sensitivity and specificity. In the optimization of PCR performance, the design and in silico evaluation of primers are considered critical steps prior to experimental validation. Purpose: Design and evaluation of PCR primers targeting mitochondrial COX1 and ND5 genes were undertaken to facilitate the detection of Dipylidium caninum, in cats from Malang, Indonesia. Method: Identification of COX1 and ND5 primers for Dipylidium caninum, was achieved through an in silico approach, with assessments based on nucleotide length, melting temperature (Tm), and GC content. Subsequent sequence analysis and primer evaluation were conducted using MEGA 11 software. Results: Generation of four primer pairs was accomplished, consisting of two pairs targeting the COX1 gene and two pairs targeting the ND5 gene. Adherence to recommended design criteria was observed in all primers, characterized by lengths of 18–30 nucleotides, melting temperatures of 50–65°C, and GC contents within the 40–60% range. DNA amplification was suggested by electrophoretic analysis. The highest evaluation score was attributed to the ND5A primer pair. Furthermore, clear clade separation between COX1 and ND5 gene sequences of Dipylidium caninum, was revealed through phylogenetic analysis. Conclusion: Potential for the detection of Dipylidium caninum, is demonstrated by the designed primers based on in silico evaluation; however, further laboratory validation via PCR assays and expanded sample sets remains necessary to confirm specificity, amplification efficiency, and broader diagnostic applicability.
Background: Significant economic implications and public health concerns are posed by Bovine Tuberculosis (BTB), a critical zoonotic disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis. Within Nigerian abattoirs, substantial rates of meat and carcass condemnation are attributed to this infection. Purpose: Investigation was undertaken to report the prevalence of tuberculosis in cattle slaughtered at the Maiduguri Central Abattoir (MCA) through the utilization of post-mortem examination, Ziehl-Neelsen (Z-N) staining, and histopathology. Method: A cross-sectional survey of BTB lesions was conducted among cattle slaughtered at the MCA. Collected lesions were subjected to processing for acid-fast microscopy and histopathological analysis. Statistical evaluation of the obtained data was performed using IBM SPSS version 27, while Chi-square tests were employed to determine differences in BTB prevalence across various variables. Results: Examination for tuberculous lesions was carried out on two hundred and one slaughtered cattle, comprising 45.8% (92/201) males and 54.2% (109/201) females. Tuberculous lesions were identified in 7.0% (14/201) of the examined carcasses. Regarding breed distribution, the highest frequency of BTB lesions was observed in the Abori breed (50.0%), whereas no visible lesions were detected in the Ambala and Wadara breeds. A prevalence of 4.9% (10/201) was further demonstrated through the Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique. Histologically, leukocytic infiltration of granulomas accompanied by fibrosis was observed in the affected tissues. Conclusion: Persistent prevalence of bovine tuberculosis is confirmed in cattle destined for human consumption at the MCA. Given the zoonotic nature of the disease, an urgent necessity exists to scale up preventive and control measures to enhance public health safety.
Background: Goats are widely raised due to their lower maintenance costs compared to cattle. The Etawa crossbreed is one of the most common goat breeds in Indonesia. Pizzle rot is a reproductive disorder in bucks characterized by inflammation and swelling of the penis and prepuce, often associated with dietary factors and secondary bacterial infection. Purpose: To describe the surgical treatment and postoperative management of pizzle rot in a buck. Case(s): A 1.5-year-old Etawa crossbreed buck was presented to the Veterinary Clinic with a history of anorexia and penile swelling. Clinical examination of the reproductive system revealed marked swelling of the penis and prepuce consistent with pizzle rot. Case Management: Surgical treatment was performed by excising the abscessed tissue and removing the urethral obstruction. The affected preputial area was opened, the abscess tissue was removed, and the urethral passage was cleared. Postoperative care included routine wound cleaning, medication administration, and regular monitoring of wound healing. Clinical improvement was observed within a few days after surgery, indicated by reduced swelling and improved urination. The healing process progressed well, and complete restoration of normal penile function was achieved within eight weeks. The buck regained the ability to protrude the penis and urinate normally without recurrence of swelling. Conclusion: Surgical excision of abscessed tissue combined with appropriate postoperative wound care was effective in treating pizzle rot in this buck. Early surgical intervention and proper postoperative management contributed to rapid clinical improvement and complete recovery of penile function.
Background: Interest in alternative agro-industrial by-products for poultry nutrition has been prompted by the high cost of conventional feed. Cacao bean shells (CBS) derived from roasted, unfermented cacao beans, a by-product of cacao processing, may serve as a sustainable feed ingredient for broiler chickens. Purpose: Evaluated in this study were the effects of graded levels of sun-dried roasted CBS on the growth performance and feed efficiency of broiler chickens under tropical production conditions. Method: Proximate analysis was conducted on CBS processed using three methods: air-dried (ADC), sun-dried with hot water treatment (HWC), and sun-dried only (SDC). For the feeding trial, a total of 120 unsexed, two week old broiler chickens were randomly assigned to four isonitrogenous and isocaloric dietary treatments containing 0% (control), 5%, 10%, and 15% sun-dried CBS. Monitoring of body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio was performed throughout the experimental period. Results: No significant differences among processing methods were shown by proximate analysis (p> 0.05). Lower total weight gain and average daily gain were observed in birds fed 5% CBS compared to the control, while a progressive decrease in feed intake was recorded with higher CBS inclusion levels. Although numerical variation was noted in the FCR, no significant differences were identified. Conclusion: Inclusion of sun-dried roasted CBS in broiler diets at low levels (up to 5%) can be achieved without major deleterious effects on growth performance. Reduced growth was observed at higher inclusion levels, likely attributable to increased fiber content and effects on feed palatability. Further investigation is required to assess amino acid composition, nutrient digestibility, and anti-nutritional factor content to optimize the utilization of CBS in broiler diets.
Background: Fundamental role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis, nutrient metabolism, and immune competence is played by the gut microbiota of broiler chickens. Although Campylobacter jejuni asymptomatically colonizes the chicken ceca, a significant threat to public health is posed through contaminated poultry products, necessitating a deeper understanding of the complex interplay between the microbiota and this zoonotic pathogen. Purpose: In the sized in this review is the current knowledge on the bidirectional interactions between the broiler gut microbiota and C. jejuni, focusing on microbial community dynamics, pathogen colonization, and potential intervention strategies. Review: Examined within this review are the composition and succession of gut microbiota, the impact of C. jejuni on microbial communities, and mechanisms such as nutrient competition, antimicrobial compound production, and immune modulation. Critically evaluated are microbiota based interventions, including specific probiotic strains (Lactobacillus and Bacillus spp.), prebiotics, and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT). Furthermore, special attention is directed toward recent advances from 2023–2025, specifically regarding genetically engineered probiotics and the role of environmental factors like mycotoxins in exacerbating colonization. Case Management: Ethical oversight regulations do not apply to this review since the core methodology relies on data synthesis from peer reviewed evidence without direct animal intervention conversely, practical field applications such as targeted probiotic administration and strict biosecurity guidelines are comprehensively analyzed. Conclusion: Identified as a key determinant in resisting C. jejuni colonization is a resilient and diverse gut microbiota. While harnessing the microbiome offers a sustainable, antibiotic free approach to food safety, further research is required to optimize these strategies for commercial conditions and to address knowledge gaps regarding strain specific efficacy.
Background: Guarded prognoses are frequently associated with traumatic injuries in ducks due to their delicate skeletal structures, limited musculature, and high susceptibility to stress and shock. Complexity in treatment is significantly increased when wing fractures occur concurrently with severe limb damage, particularly in emergency presentations where a comprehensive diagnostic work-up may be constrained. Purpose: Described in this report are the clinical findings and surgical management of a domestic duck presented with simultaneous fractures of the ulna and major metacarpal bone, accompanied by a severely devitalized hindlimb resulting from a canine inflicted injury. Case(s): A female Anas platyrhynchos domesticus was presented in critical condition, exhibiting an inability to stand or utilize the left wing. Identified during clinical examination were abnormal angulation, swelling, and crepitus in the wing, while extensive soft tissue devitalization was noted in the left hindlimb. Confirmation of complete fractures of the ulna and major metacarpal bone, alongside an intact radius and significant disruption of hindlimb structures, was achieved via radiography. Case Management: Anesthesia was induced using a combination of xylazine and ketamine and maintained with isoflurane. Stabilization of the major metacarpal fracture was performed using a normograde intramedullary pin fashioned from a 14 gauge cannula stylet, while the ulnar fracture was managed with a unilateral type I linear external skeletal fixator reinforced with epoxy resin. Owing to irreversible tissue damage, amputation of the left hindlimb was necessitated. Postoperative care encompassed the administration of oral antibiotics, supportive supplementation, and routine wound management. Conclusion: Technically achievable in ducks are combined fracture repair and limb amputation; however, the severity of trauma and associated physiological shock may still result in poor survival outcomes despite appropriate surgical intervention.
