Several viruses often infect pigs which can cause major losses for farmers. Viral infections in pigs can be subclinical, chronic and acute. Viral diseases in pigs often result in mass deaths on pig farms, causing economic losses and not only that, they can also threaten human lives depending on the virus variant that causes them. Various symptoms such as flu, fever, lack of appetite, paralysis, bleeding in various organs will be found according to the degree of severity. The purpose of this article is to describe several viral infections in pigs that are very threatening and have been reported to cause major losses for farmers, namely: African swine fever (ASF), hog cholera (HC), & Swine influenza (SI). African swine fever is a very contagious disease that arises due to infection with the genus Asfivirus virus of the Asfarviridae family which is encoded by double-stranded DNA genetic material. ASF disease is reported to have caused mortality in pig farms reaching 100%. Likewise, HC disease, also known as cholera disease in pigs, can be fatal in pigs with a mortality rate of up to 100%. In contrast to swine influenza, also known as swine flu, it is a viral disease that is chronic and zoonotic. It is reported that swine flu has triggered flu outbreaks in humans since 1918 until now. Various factors influence the level of disease spread, namely monitoring livestock traffic, biosecurity of cages, the presence of vaccinations and the presence or absence of vectors as well as the use of swill feed as animal feed. So knowledge is needed about the diseases that really threaten pigs which will have an impact on farmers' finances. The results of this literature review add to scientific references related to viral diseases in pig farming. In this way, it will increase knowledge for readers, breeders and academics so that they can provide prevention and control of viral diseases in pig farms. And also, it is expected that there is counseling from related instances about livestock health management in the prevention and control of diseases in pigs.
The cerebellum, located in the dorsal region of the medulla oblongata and pons, is the largest component of the hindbrain. It plays a crucial role in motor coordination, nerve control, and maintaining body balance. This study aimed to analyze the anatomical and histological structure, as well as the morphometry, of the cerebellum in male and female growing-phase Bali ducks. A total of 20 Bali ducks (10 males and 10 females, aged 3 months each) were used in this study. The cerebellum was extracted for anatomical observation and weight measurement. Subsequently, the samples were processed into histological preparations using Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) staining to examine the histological structure and morphometric parameters. Anatomically, the cerebellum was positioned at the posterior region of the head, beneath the temporal and occipital lobes and above the brainstem. The average cerebellar weight was 0.6 grams in males and 0.5 grams in females. Histologically, the cerebellar structure was consistent across both sexes, comprising gray matter (molecular layer, granular layer, and Purkinje/ganglionar layer) and white matter. Morphometric analysis revealed the following mean layer thicknesses in males: molecular layer (156.29 ± 17.72 µm), granular layer (69.73 ± 11.26 µm), Purkinje layer (6.44 ± 1.68 µm), and white matter (50.11 ± 19.16 µm). In females, the corresponding values were 145.47 ± 15.07 µm, 66.83 ± 11.37 µm, 6.83 ± 1.64 µm, and 52.89 ± 18.56 µm, respectively. Statistical analysis indicated no significant differences (P > 0.05) in cerebellar weight or layer thickness between male and female Bali ducks. Further research with a larger sample size and additional parameters, such as biochemical or functional studies, could provide deeper insights into sex-related variations in cerebellar characteristics.
Vulnus laceratum is a lacerated wound characterized by minimal tissue loss, typically resulting from trauma. A 6-month-old dog weighing 6 kg presented with a relatively large laceration on its back. Clinically, the dog remained active with a normal appetite and drinking behavior. Based on physical examination, the dog was diagnosed with vulnus laceratum on the dorsal region and given a favorable prognosis. The wound was treated surgically, beginning with thorough irrigation using physiological saline (NaCl), followed by debridement to remove necrotic and damaged tissue, thereby facilitating the healing process. The wound was then closed with sutures. Postoperative therapy included oral administration of cefadroxil (antibiotic), intramuscular tolfedine (anti-inflammatory), and topical gentamicin to prevent secondary infection. By the fifth postoperative day, the wound showed significant improvement and had begun to dry. The dog exhibited signs of clinical recovery and resumed normal activity.
Cherry eye is a condition characterized by the prolapse of the nictitating gland due to weak connective tissue attachment, resulting in a visible red mass resembling a cherry. A 5-month-old female American Bully Ecotis dog, weighing 8.7 kg, presented with a protruding mass in the left eye, which had been observed for one month prior to surgery. Hematological examination revealed lymphocytosis, thrombocytosis, and low Platelet Distribution Width (PDW), suggesting mild inflammation. The diagnosis of cherry eye was confirmed through physical and clinical examinations, with a fausta (favorable) prognosis. Surgical correction was performed using the Morgan Pocket Technique to reposition the gland. Postoperative care included intramuscular cefotaxime (1.74 mL) and meloxicam (0.3 mL), followed by oral meloxicam (0.116 mg/day for 3 days) and topical gentamicin sulfate ointment (0.3%, applied TID for 7 days) to prevent infection. The surgical site showed complete healing by day 14, with no recurrence observed. This case highlights the effectiveness of the Morgan Pocket Technique combined with adjunctive medical therapy in managing cherry eye in dogs.
This study aimed to determine the effect of adding Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) maggot meal to commercial feed on the growth performance of broilers (Gallus domesticus), particularly body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The research was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments: P0 (control), P1, P2, and P3, each with six replications. Broilers were raised from Day Old Chick (DOC) and fed BR I Crumbel feed from day 1 to 21 and BR II SP-Pellet from day 22 to 34. The maggot meal supplementation was given from day 14 to day 34. The results showed that the addition of Hermetia illucens maggot meal to commercial feed had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the broilers’ body weight gain or feed conversion ratio. Therefore, under the conditions of this study, the inclusion of maggot meal in the diet did not significantly improve the growth performance of broilers.
Bali ducks are a source of wealth and genetic resources originating from Bali. This study aims to determine the histological and histomorphometric structure of the ventriculus of bali ducks in the starter phase. The samples used consisted of 15 male Bali ducks and 15 female bali ducks aged 1 day, 14 days, 28 days, 42 days, and 56 days. The histological structure was examined using a binocular light microscope, and histomorphometry was measured using the ImageJ application and analyzed with the assistance of SPSS software. The results of this study showed that the histological structure of the bali duck ventriculus consists of the cuticle, mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis. The histomorphometric results indicated that the thickness of the cuticle increased from 153.884 μm to 387.559 μm, the mucosa increased from 420.448 μm to 779.638 μm, the submucosa increased from 56.634 μm to 260.631 μm, and the muscularis increased from 1010.344 μm to 2420.951 μm. The results of the study indicate that there are no differences in anatomical and histological structure in the bali duck ventricle. However, there are histomorphometric differences in the bali duck ventricle at 1 day, 14 days, 28 days, 42 days, and 56 days of age.
Tracheal stenosis, a narrowing of the tracheal lumen, is a life-threatening condition that can cause severe airway obstruction. This case report describes the diagnosis and management of tracheal stenosis in a 9-month-old female cat presenting with chronic coughing, sneezing, and dyspnea. The study aimed to document clinical findings, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic outcomes for feline tracheal stenosis. Clinical examination revealed dyspnea and a positive tracheal pinch reflex, while hematology showed lymphocytosis, thrombocytopenia, and elevated hemoglobin. Radiographic imaging confirmed tracheal narrowing. Treatment included an 8-day protocol of aminophylline (5 mg/kg p.o.), co-amoxiclav (12 mg/kg p.o.), methylprednisolone (2 mg/kg p.o.), bromhexine (0.2 mg/kg p.o.), and salbutamol-NaCl nebulization (2:9 mL), alongside isolation and owner education. Despite therapy, reevaluation after 8 days showed no clinical improvement, suggesting limited treatment efficacy. This case highlights the challenges in managing tracheal stenosis in cats and underscores the need for alternative therapeutic strategies. Further research into surgical interventions or advanced medical protocols is recommended for refractory cases.
Paramphistomosis, caused by the trematode Paramphistomum sp., is a prevalent parasitic disease affecting Bali cattle that leads to significant health issues and productivity losses. This study evaluated the anthelmintic efficacy of albendazole (10 mg/kg BW) against Paramphistomum sp. infections in Bali cattle through fecal egg count reduction. Using a one-group pretest-posttest design, we examined 20 naturally infected Bali cattle (aged 6 months-2 years) from three locations in Bali (Bangli Regency, Badung Regency, and Denpasar City). Fecal samples were collected on day 0 (pretreatment), day 7, and day 14 post-treatment and analyzed using the Whitlock sedimentation method. The Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) and Paired Sample T-test were employed for data analysis. Results demonstrated a statistically significant reduction (p<0.05) in egg counts post-treatment, with FECRT reaching 87.80% by day 14. These findings indicate that albendazole is effective against Paramphistomum sp. infections in Bali cattle, supporting its use in control programs.
Bladder calculi (cystolithiasis) may cause dysuria, pollakiuria, and hematuria in animals. This case report aims to describe the diagnostic approach and therapeutic management of cystolithiasis in a feline patient. A 3-year-old female Persian cat (3.17 kg) presenting with stranguries and hematuria was diagnosed via ultrasonography and radiography, revealing vesical calculi with a fausta prognosis. Surgical management through cystotomy was performed, followed by postoperative therapy including intravenous cefotaxime, subcutaneous meloxicam, and subsequent oral cefixime, meloxicam, and Kejibeling extract to prevent urolith recurrence. Clinical improvement was observed within 8 days postoperatively, evidenced by normal micturition without hematuria or discomfort. Combined surgical and medical intervention proved effective for resolving cystolithiasis in this case. Long-term monitoring and dietary modification are advised to minimize recurrence risk.
Calculi of the urinary vesica is one of the many problems that can occur in pets, especially dogs. This case study aims to find out how to diagnose and treat a case of urinary vesica calculi in a female dog. A female pomeranian dog named Monna, aged 2.4 years with a body weight of 2.7 kg had complaints of difficulty urinating, straining when urinating, and blood in the urine which lasted for approximately 3 months. Supporting examinations were carried out in the form of an ultrasound examination with the discovery of a hyperechoic mass formation in the vesica urinaria suspected of calculi and radiographic examination found a radiopaque image in the vesica urinaria which was believed to be calculi. Based on the results of the supporting examination, the dog was diagnosed with calculi in the vesica urinaria with a prognosis of fausta. The dog was treated with laparocystotomy surgery using a combination of xylazine and ketamine anesthesia intravenously. The calculi found in the case dog showed characteristics of rough, sharp and jagged edges, irregular round shape, with a hard and strong composition, where the calculi found in this case were calculi formed from calcium oxalate. Postoperatively the dog was given Cefotaxime antibiotics (20 mg/kg BW, q12, IV) for 3 days and continued with Cefixime antibiotics (10 mg/kg BW, q12, PO) for 7 days. On the 10th postoperative day, the surgical wound had dried and fused perfectly. The dog had normal activities, normal defecation and urination.
Biosecurity is a fundamental protection system in poultry farming to prevent the entry and spread of diseases. This study evaluated biosecurity implementation and its role in mitigating disease risks in layer chicken farms in Babahan Village, Tabanan Regency, Bali. Using a descriptive quantitative approach, data were collected through closed-ended questionnaires and interviews with all 33 layer farmers in the village (total sampling) and analyzed via the Guttman scale. Results revealed that farmers' biosecurity knowledge was moderately adequate (66.08% affirmative responses). Implementation varied by measure: sanitation (68.5%) and traffic control (63.62%) were moderately practiced, while isolation protocols were poorly adopted (32.74%). Effective biosecurity correlated with reduced disease transmission and sustained productivity. Key influencing factors included farmers' knowledge, farm scale, infrastructure, government support, and operational habits. The study recommends enhanced biosecurity training, provision of isolation facilities and personal protective equipment (PPE), and targeted government support for small-scale farms to improve compliance.
Notoedric mange, caused by the ectoparasite Notoedres cati, is a significant dermatological condition in domestic cats (Felis catus). This case report aims to describe the clinical presentation, diagnostic approach, and therapeutic management of N. cati infestation in a young cat, emphasizing its zoonotic potential and challenges in urban settings. A 3-month-old female Himalayan kitten was presented to Armonia Pet Care, Makassar, Indonesia, with clinical signs of mange, including alopecia, erythema, hyperkeratosis, and severe pruritus. Diagnosis was confirmed through superficial skin scraping and microscopic identification of N. cati. Treatment involved combined topical antiparasitic therapy (selamectin and sarolaner) with nutritional support, resulting in significant clinical improvement within one week. This case highlights the importance of early diagnosis, appropriate therapy, and environmental management to prevent reinfestation, particularly in urban areas with high risks of cross-contamination. These findings contribute to the scientific understanding of feline scabies and its clinical management in Indonesian veterinary practice. We recommend routine ectoparasite screening for cats in high-density urban areas, owner education about zoonotic risks, and further studies on the efficacy of combined selamectin-sarolaner therapy in multi-cat households.
Bali duck (Anas sp.) is a native Indonesian duck breed developed in the Bali and Lombok regions. Bali duck have significant potential as producers of eggs and meat, contributing to the fulfilment of animal protein needs of the Indonesian population. This study was conducted to determine the histological structure and histomorphometry of the oesophagus of bali duck during the starter phase. Samples were taken from ducks aged 1 day, 14 days, 28 days, 42 days, and 56 days. Histological sample observations focused on the layers composing the oesophagus. Parameters used for histomorphometry measurements were the thickness of the oesophageal tunica layers and he results of the research on histological structure are presented in a descriptive qualitative form. The results of the research on histomorphometry are presented in a descriptive quantitative form, analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and if the results showed a significant difference, were followed by Duncan’s post-hoc test. The study results indicated that histologically, the bali duck oesophagus consists of the tunica mucosa, tunica submucosa, tunica muscularis, and tunica adventitia. Histomorphometry results showed an increase in the thickness of each layer with increasing age, from 1 day, 14 days, 28 days, 42 days, to 56 days. Further studies in different phase employing special staining techniques are required to allow for more detailed identification.
Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is a pathogenic strain of E. coli that can cause systemic infections in poultry, leading to colisepticemia in chickens. This condition reduces productivity and increases financial losses for farmers. This case study aims to obtain a definitive diagnosis of the disease affecting 21-day-old broiler chickens in a farm located in Jimbaran, South Kuta District, Badung Regency, Bali. The methods used include clinical symptom observation, epidemiological analysis, anatomical pathology, histopathology, and laboratory examinations for bacteriology and parasitology. The observed symptoms included weakness, decreased appetite and water intake, dull and stiff feathers, diarrhea, and the presence of solidified yellowish-white feces around the cloaca. Epidemiological analysis revealed that the farm had approximately ±10,000 chickens, with around ±1,800 chickens exhibiting similar symptoms and approximately ±500 deaths. The morbidity rate was 18%, the mortality rate was 5%, and the case fatality rate (CFR) was 27.8%. Gross pathology examination showed the presence of fibrin in the abdominal and thoracic areas, covering the heart, liver, lungs, and kidneys. Histopathological examination revealed inflammation accompanied by heterophil inflammatory cell infiltration, necrosis, edema, hemorrhage, and congestion. Bacteriological examination was conducted by isolating bacteria using general and selective media, supported by Gram staining, catalase test, biochemical tests, and glucose fermentation tests, confirming the presence of Escherichia coli in the heart, liver, lungs, and intestines. Parasitological examination using native, sedimentation, and flotation methods on fecal samples showed no parasitic infection. The study concludes that the chickens were diagnosed with colisepticemia without any parasitic infection. Prevention measures should focus on maintaining biosecurity and farm sanitation to minimize infections caused by various pathogenic agents.
Endometritis is inflammation that occurs in the endometrium. Endometritis is caused by post-abortion bacterial infection, dystocia, and retained placenta. This case study aims to find out how to diagnose and treat cases of endometritis in female cats. A white female domestic cat, 7 months old and weighing 2 kg, complained of decreased appetite, weakness, and a thick, milky white discharge from the vagina. Supporting examinations are carried out in the form of routine hematology examinations and ultrasound to support the diagnosis. Routine hematology results showed an increased WBC value and an ultrasound examination showed results showing an enlarged uterus and anechoic-hypoechoic or grayish black fluid. The cat was diagnosed with endometritis with a fausta prognosis. Treatment is carried out by surgical ovariohysterectomy with a combination of intravenous xylazine and ketamine anesthesia. After surgery, cefotaxime sodium (20 mg/kg BW, IV, q12h) was given for 3 days and continued with cefixime (10 mg/kg BW, PO, q12h) for 7 days. On the 12th day the cat was declared cured with the surgical wound completely fused, the suture threads had been removed, and the cat's condition was observed to be healthy with normal appetite and drinking, normal urination and defecation. Endometritis in cats must be treated immediately to prevent further infection from becoming pyometra.
Canine nephritis, an inflammatory kidney condition, progressively impairs renal function through glomerular and interstitial damage. This case report documents a dog presenting with dysuria, hematuria, and yellow foamy vomiting, accompanied by anorexia with partial maintenance of water intake. The patient had a long-term dietary history of rice, chicken breast, and inappropriate high-protein commercial snacks/supplements since puppyhood. Diagnostic evaluation revealed marked azotemia (BUN >45.00 mmol/L, creatinine 168.7 μmol/L), hyperproteinemia (90.9 g/L), and ultrasonographic evidence of cortical thickening. A comprehensive treatment protocol was implemented: (1) 72-hour intravenous Ringer's lactate fluid therapy, (2) transition to renal-support wet food (Royal Canin® Renal Support) twice daily, and (3) daily Ipakitine® (Vetoquinol) supplementation for 14 days. Therapeutic outcomes demonstrated significant biochemical improvement (BUN 14.12 mmol/L, creatinine 63.4 μmol/L) and complete resolution of clinical signs. This case highlights the importance of combined fluid therapy, dietary modification, and phosphate-binding management in canine nephritis cases with nutritional etiology.
Ventral hernia, characterized by incomplete peritoneal closure in the abdominal midline, results in formation of a hernial ring permitting organ protrusion. This case report describes a 2-year-old, 3 kg female mixed-breed cat presenting with a reducible ventral abdominal mass persisting for two months. Physical examination revealed a palpable, reducible bulge with positive tissue elasticity. Radiographic confirmation identified omental and intestinal contents within the hernial sac. The patient underwent herniorrhaphy under general anesthesia induced by xylazine-ketamine combination (1 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg IV, respectively). Surgical management involved content reduction and anatomical layer closure. Postoperative care included intravenous cefotaxime (20 mg/kg q12h for 72 hours) transitioning to oral cefixime (10 mg/kg q12h for 96 hours). By postoperative day 8, complete recovery was evidenced by wound epithelialization, normal appetite, and unimpaired elimination. This case underscores the importance of prompt surgical intervention for ventral hernias to prevent incarceration complications.
Escherichia coli is the most common bacterial infection found in broiler chicken farms. Escherichia coli infection in poultry is generally systemic and causes bacteremia, so it is called colispticemia. Case reports were conducted to diagnose animals with protocol number 116/N/25 based on anamnesis data, clinical signs, epidemiology, anatomical pathology changes, and histopathological changes and examination in the bacteriology laboratory. 30-day-old white broiler chickens were taken from a farm owned by Mr. Rudi located in Batungsel Village, Pupuan District, Tabanan Regency. The clinical signs observed were that the chickens showed abdominal distension, were weak and did not want to eat, had slow growth compared to other chickens, diarrhea, dirt around the cloaca, shortness of breath and weight loss. After the case chicken died, a necropsy was performed, then organ samples were taken and fixed with 10% Neutral Buffered Formalin (NBF). Pathological examination of the anatomy found a layer of fibrin in the heart, liver and lungs. Tissue samples taken were brain, trachea, lungs, liver, heart, spleen, kidneys and intestines, then histopathological preparations were made with hematoxylin-eosin staining. The results of histopathological examination found infiltration of heterophilic inflammatory cells in the lungs, liver, kidneys and intestines, indicating that the case animals were infected with bacteria. Examination of samples in the bacteriology and mycology laboratories obtained positive results for Escherichia coli bacteria in heart, lung, liver and intestine specimens. It can be concluded that the case chickens were infected by E. coli bacteria or were attacked by Colisepticemia. There needs to be increased sanitation and strict biosecurity in chicken farms
Escherichia coli mucoid is a common bacterium that frequently causes digestive diseases in both humans and animals, particularly bali cattle. This study aimed to determine the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of E. coli. The testing was conducted using the Kirby-Bauer method with the disc diffusion technique to evaluate the susceptibility of E. coli to four antibiotics: Streptomycin, Doxycycline, Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole, and Bacitracin. The results showed that the mucoid E. coli was sensitive to doxycycline, showed intermediate sensitivity to streptomycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and was resistant to bacitracin. The appropriate treatment for diarrhea in Bali cattle caused by mucoid E. coli is doxycycline, as the study indicated that the mucoid E. coli isolates were sensitive to this antibiotic. The use of antibiotics with intermediate sensitivity or those that are resistant is not recommended.
The proventriculus is one of the primary digestive organs in poultry, functioning as a gland responsible for enzymatic digestion through the secretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen. This study aimed to examine the histological structure and histomorphometry of the proventriculus in Bali ducks during the starter phase. Samples were collected from ducks aged 1, 14, 28, 42, and 56 days, totaling 30 individuals (15 males and 15 females). Histological observations were performed using a binocular microscope, while histomorphometric measurements were conducted using the ImageJ application. Histological data were presented descriptively, and histomorphometric data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s test. The histological structure of the proventriculus consists of the tunica mucosa, tunica submucosa, tunica muscularis, and tunica serosa. All four layers showed increased thickness with advancing age: the tunica mucosa increased from 156.31 µm to 352.31 µm, the tunica submucosa from 1,113.71 µm to 2,270.87 µm, the tunica muscularis from 215.62 µm to 573.62 µm, and the tunica serosa from 132.86 µm to 486.70 µm. No significant differences (p>0.05) were found in the histological structure between male and female ducks. However, significant differences (p<0.05) in histomorphometric measurements were observed among different age groups.
