Abstract This paper presents for the first time from a theoretical perspective, a highly detailed discussion of morphological alternations involving verb roots in Albanian. In addition to making the case that this allomorphy is conditioned long distance, a generalization is introduced regarding how certain prefixes and suffixes do/do not interact with these alternations. A proposal based on spans of morphosyntactic nodes (Merchant 2015) is developed, which can account for the general patterns of root allomorphy, as well as the prefix/suffix generalization. Two alternative proposals for non-local allomorphy are considered in detail, but each faces a challenge in accounting for the generalization.
In rural China, money-borrowing is not merely a financial transaction but a complex social practice. This study explores the pragmatic strategies of money-borrowing requests through qualitative interviews with 29 rural residents. The analysis identifies a four-phase sequential model that maps the communicative architecture of these requests, comprising (1) a preparatory and framing phase; (2) a core request phase; (3) a support phase involving facework, justification, and reciprocity; and (4) a potential intensification and coercion phase. Furthermore, the analysis shows how recurrent strategy patterns reveal the cultural script for negotiating trust, face, and r & eacute;nq & iacute;ng ((sic)(sic)). Four core components of this script are identified: the primacy of relational framing through fictive kinship; the function of justification and hearer consideration as prerequisites; the verbal construction of trust through promises; and a structural preference for indirectness as a risk management strategy. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that money-borrowing in rural China is not a simple economic transaction but a socially embedded practice, systematically shaped by the cultural logic of r & eacute;nq & iacute;ng and face. More broadly, the study argues that high-stakes requests should be analyzed not merely as inventories of individual strategies, but as sequentially organized, culturally saturated communicative events through which social obligations, interpersonal trust, and face dynamics are pragmatically constituted.
This study aims to revise and argue for the phonemic status of borrowed phonemes /f/, /x/, and /<(ts)over arc>/ in the Permic languages based on dialectal data collected since the mid-20th century. Additionally, a few more marginal consonants are observed. Although earlier scholars did not consider these phonemes to be part of the phonological inventory of Udmurt and the two Komi languages, certain dialects and the standard languages do have a growing number of loanwords from Russian containing the phonemes in question. To some extent, these phonemes also take part in phonological changes when it comes to adapting Russian loanwords.
