Astrocytes are non-neuronal(glia)cells in the brain which respond to and regulate neuronal synaptic function.Named for their star-like projections,astrocytes physically sense glutamate at the synaptic cleft and undergo waves of calcium which causes them to release neurotransmitters onto neurons.
Over the past 10 years,the trend toward interdisciplinary research has become increasingly evident.Many disciplines,such as mate-rials science,chemistry,physics,engineering,computer-aided design and artificial intelligence,mathematics,biomedicine,pathology,etc.,have penetrated the field of pharmaceutical research,giving rise to many new drug delivery strategies,such as LNP and GalNAc for RNA delivery1 and pure drug-based drug delivery2.
Autoimmune diseases are receiving increasing global attention,driven by population aging and the rising burden of chronic dis-ease worldwide1.Epidemiological studies estimate that autoim-mune diseases affect approximately 4％—10％of the global population2.Although therapeutic options have expanded sub-stantially in recent decades,most autoimmune diseases still require long-term intervention3,and repeated treatment frequently compromises patient adherence.Delivery systems that improve tolerability,convenience,and long-term compliance therefore remain clinically important4-6.
With the increasing frequency of high-altitude travel,mountain-eering,military deployment,and occupational exposure to extreme environments,hypobaric hypoxia-induced acute lung injury and high-altitude pulmonary edema(HAPE)have emerged as significant medical challenges1.These disorders are charac-terized by abrupt onset,rapid progression,and marked interindi-vidual susceptibility2.
Featured with irregular,leaky,and distorted structures,abnormal tumor vasculature not only meets the metabolic demands of tumor growth and metastasis,such as the supply of oxygen and nutrients,but also fosters an immunosuppressive microenvironment1.This compromised vascular state undermines the effectiveness of im-munotherapies such as programmed cell death ligand 1(PD-L1)blockade.
