Interleave Division Multiple Access (IDMA) is a promising multiple access technique for wireless communication systems because of its potential to enhance spectral efficiency, mitigate interference, and support reliable multi-user transmission. This paper presents the fundamental principles of IDMA, with emphasis on user-specific interleaving, symbol mapping onto available time slots, and the corresponding deinterleaving and recovery process at the receiver. The main advantages of IDMA are discussed, including improved spectral efficiency, better error performance, lower implementation complexity, flexibility for diverse wireless environments, and increased communication security through user-specific interleaver sequences. In addition to the theoretical overview, the paper reviews selected United States patents related to IDMA and closely associated non-orthogonal multiple access approaches published between 2020 and 2025. The analysed patents cover a wide range of applications, including narrowband machine-type communication, random access procedures, asynchronous coded multiple access combined with OFDM, wireless network control, storage systems, and joint transmissions in shared wireless resources. The review demonstrates that IDMA principles continue to be adapted and extended in response to the evolving requirements of modern wireless communication technologies. The examined patent activity confirms the ongoing technological relevance of IDMA and related multiple access schemes and highlights their potential for efficient, scalable, and interference-resilient communication in advanced wireless networks.
The sixth generation of wireless communication technology, or 6G technology, was created to replace 5G. Compared to its predecessors, it promises much faster speeds, more capacity, and reduced latency, opening up new applications and advancing a number of industries. Terabits per second (Tbps) is the target data rate for 6G, which is substantially faster than 5G's gigabits per second (Gbps). In order to facilitate real-time applications and instantaneous data transfer, 6G aims for nearly zero latency, possibly as low as the microsecond level. Compared to 5G's 1 million connected devices per square kilometer, 6G will allow for a potentially 10 million more. With the help of AI and machine learning, 6G will be able to manage resources intelligently, perform better, and add new features. It is anticipated that 6G will facilitate developments in fields such as imaging, location awareness, presence technology, and the Internet of Things (IoT). A review of earlier work is presented in this paper.
Household workers face transportation challenges, including limited access to safe, affordable, and reliable public transport, which constrains their mobility and promotes socio-economic exclusion. This study investigated the effects of transport accessibility, affordability, and perceptions of safety on live-out domestic workers' mobility in the City of Johannesburg, South Africa. With a 233-participant cross-sectional survey and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM), the study analyses both direct and mediated relationships between mobility patterns, affordability, perceptions of safety, and transport accessibility. The results reveal that perceptions of safety and transport accessibility have a direct effect on mobility patterns with less direct impact by affordability. Results demonstrate how safety perceptions operate as the intermediary between transport accessibility and mobility activities that signifies the importance of secure transit settings to adopt this low-income, female-dominated workforce. The study developed and tested a model of transport access and mobility to investigate how transport accessibility, safety perceptions, and cost influence commuting behaviours in this low-income, predominantly female workforce. Future research can use this model to examine similar factors in other locations. The study highlights the need for inclusive transport policy that integrates human flow management and material flow optimization within urban logistics systems.
This study examines the relationship between road traffic incidents in Poland and the influx of vehicles and drivers from Ukraine over the period 2010–2024. Log-linear regression models were employed to analyze three dependent variables: the total number of road accidents (NRA), the number of fatalities (NFA), and the number of injuries (NIA). Independent variables included the volume of passenger cars and trucks entering Poland from Ukraine, migration flows, population size, number of registered vehicles, Ukrainian drivers involved in accidents, and weather conditions. The results indicate that the number of vehicles entering Poland, accidents involving Ukrainian drivers, overall population, and the number of registered vehicles significantly increase both the number of road accidents and their associated consequences. In contrast, weather conditions were found to have a limited impact. Three of the four research hypotheses were confirmed, underscoring the critical role of traffic volume and migration-related factors in shaping road safety outcomes. These findings carry important implications for traffic management policies and the integration of foreign drivers into the national road system.
Pineapple processing is traditionally performed manually, which is labor-intensive, inconsistent, and prone to safety risks. While industrial scale machines exist, their high cost and complexity limit accessibility for small and medium scale enterprises or household level use. This study addresses this gap by presenting the design and manufacture of a simple and low-cost pineapple cutting machine. The machine integrates peeling, quartering, and coring operations into a single stroke using a specially designed knife assembly fabricated from food-grade stainless steel. A prototype was fabricated and tested, confirming that the design meets essential requirements for cutting precision, safety, and ease of use while remaining economically feasible. The outcomes demonstrate that efficiency and consistency can be achieved without reliance on complex mechanisms, making the machine particularly suitable for small enterprises and local markets. Future work will focus on enhancing blade durability, introducing automated fruit feeding, and conducting large-scale performance evaluations.
