The microbial adhesion of pathogens on surfaces, followed by the formation of biofilms, constitute one important causes of diseases transmitted by foods. Biofilm control in the food industry is critical since biofilm removal is challenging. Thus, the functionalization of surfaces has been a strategy to prevent the multiplication of bacteria. This study aimed to functionalize stainless steel surfaces with zinc and niobium oxides and to analyze its antimicrobial capacity of Escherichia coli. In addition, the roughness surface was also investigated. The free energy of hydrophobic interaction was calculated by measuring the contact angle. The results showed that surface functionalization with metallic oxides efficiently controlled E. coli adhesion, achieving more than two decimal reductions in the initial population. It was found that the deposition of oxides modified the hydrophobicity of the stainless steel surface, making it hydrophilic, which may have added to the effect of functionalization for the antimicrobial efficiency of the obtained surface. The surfaces functionalized with zinc and niobium oxides had the highest roughness. Thus, surfaces with Nb and Zn oxides can be a promising alternative for application in the food industry to help control adhesion and obtain the final product of microbiological quality.
The rGO-ZnO composite was found promising improvement over the photocatalytic ability of pure ZnO and is useful for other Opto-chemical applications. ZnO/rGO composite was synthesized by the sol-gel method. The morphology of rGO caused better dispersion of the ZnO crystallites The reducing agent ammonia was varied in concentration during the synthesis. A reduction in the crystallization was observed for lower concentrations (0 – 1%) of ammonia which got stabilized in higher concentrations (>1%). The crystalline morphology showed variations from being close to amorphous to 38 nm. The average crystallite size was 15 nm. The rGO induced nonradiative phononic modes in the optical transition process when present in lower concentration but interestingly aided the crystallization process in a preferential crystallographic orientation which however got lowered in intensity for >2% ammonia concentration. The defect states formed in the rGO/ZnO composite in the form of oxygen vacancies, zinc interstitials, and vacancies caused a decrease in band gap due to indirect transitions. The role of ammonia in the performance of the composites was found to be significant
Reducing emissions to air and introducing new propulsion technologies are key challenges for the worldwide transport sector, including shipping. The world’s future fleet will have to rely on a broader range of fuels, propulsion solutions and energy efficiency measures. It should be obvious that the bunkering operations should be carried out in a safe manner in accordance with all regulations. The purpose of this study is to improve the LNG bunkering procedure from the safety side to prevent gas leakage. Qualified Crew is essentially important for the new technologies on ships. Due to the rapid development of shipping industry, it must be paid much attention on the demand of the well-trained maritime manpower within the dynamic economies. The main types of drills that are carried out on the vessel were analysed using the example of the company Nordic Hamburg. In order to support the green direction by Nordic Hamburg Crewing, special training courses to train seafarers who provide sustainable shipping industry were integrated, especially dealing with: a) oceans; b) communities; c) people; d) transparency; f) finance; g) energy. The results of the study showed a high level of preparation for various types of danger during the acceptance of Liquified Natural Gas on board at containerships. The article draws conclusions about the necessity to improve the safety procedures for LNG bunkering and the correctness of the corresponding monthly alarms in order to be sure about the readiness of ship''s crew for an emergency situation.
According to North Eastern Railway the coach washing plant due to continuous growth the World population development of agriculture and Industry in the emerging important issue countries as well as climate change the insufficiency water becomes the past few years in Increase important issue. The collection of data process was performed and integrated with a characterization process, reuse treatment operation and maintains that a new process has been developed in treating train coach waste water for recycling in the work. This fresh water is available as surface water and ground water. The water collected from the coach wash centre was taken to the laboratory and analysis was carried out by conducting various tests to determine the difference in physical and chemical characteristics of the water sample. Railway coach wash water contains oil, grease, sand, etc., and main chemical characteristics that are not suitable for gardening like pH, iron, nitrate, and ammonia, so we can reduce these parameters in the effluent treatment plant (ETP) and reuse them for washing train coaches and gardening purposes. The tests that are conducted for determining the different physical and chemical parameters include: chemical parameters effluent reuse treatment operation to maintain cost the train coach washing waste water is collected in the storage tank and treated waste is collected and trough the agriculture work. This paper presents the current scenario of coach washing plant activities and the utilization of waste water in many aspects after the washing of coaches.
An enormous portion of nutrient (crop residue) is taken out from soil on account of its competitive use and considerably less residue returning to soil leading to negative balance, prompts lower crop productivity, poor economic return and low nutrient use efficiency prompting large environmental footprint. In many situations, blanket fertilizer application resulted in under-fertilization, while in others, it resulted in over-fertilization. Near the Indo Gangetic Plains (IGP), farming communities frequently apply greater doses of nutrients, particularly nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), but largely ignore the optimal dosages of potassium and other secondary and micronutrients. Such unbalanced and insufficient nutrient use can reduce nutrient use efficiency and profitability, as well as increasing environmental risks connected with nutrient loss through emission or leaching. Decision support tools (DST) are being utilized increasingly to help farmers implement better fertilizer management methods in their crops. Nutrient Expert for Wheat and Maize, a recently developed DST, integrated on-farm research data into a simple delivery system that allows growers to quickly adopt nutrient management site specific for their own fields. The decision support tool was created in 2010-11 as a simple, interactive computer-based tool that can quickly offer nutrient recommendations for farmers' fields, independent of weather with no soil testing required. This tool is useful in determining the nutrient balance replenished in the cropping system based on fertilizer/manure and yield provided in the previous harvest, as well as measure the attainable yield for any field based on growing conditions. These were all combined to provide a location-specific nutrient prescription for cereals by estimating expected N, P, and potassium (K) responses in the concerned field. Nutrient Expert has the ability to move the focus away from conventional agriculture and toward farming that is more sustainable, efficient, and productive.
