Campylobacter spp. of the Campylobacteriaceae family are spiral-shaped, Gram-negative, zoonotic pathogens. These microaerophilic, thermophilic bacteria flourish at temperatures of 37-42 degrees C. Campylobacter spp. are known pathogens of animals (livestock, wild, and companion animals) and humans. They are also a major foodborne pathogen. Traditional culture-based detection of Campylobacter spp. is labor-intensive, requires 5 to 7 days for confirmation, and is often compromised by overgrowth of competing bacteria. While molecular methods are sensitive, they require specialized instruments and well-trained personnel, limiting their routine use for rapid on-site detection. Analytical biosensors have emerged as powerful tools for the real-time diagnosis of infectious diseases. Biosensors such as mass-sensitive, amperometric, total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF), impedimetric, surface-plasmon resonance (SPR), conductometric, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), and diffractive optics have been developed for bacterial identification. Depending on the sensing platform, reported limits of detection range from a single bacterial cell per sample to about 104 CFU/ml, with several biosensors providing results within minutes to a few hours, highlighting their potential for rapid food safety monitoring and clinical diagnosis. This review elaborates on various types of biosensors for the diagnosis of Campylobacter spp. and related species.
Zoonotic diseases are infectious diseases that are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans, either directly or indirectly. It has been estimated that over 60% of human pathogens originate in animals. These include bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, parasites, and other pathogens. Newly emerging zoonotic viral diseases can greatly complicate the public health situation, primarily because such pathogens typically have high lethality, can cause large-scale outbreaks, and severely affect the socioeconomic conditions of societies. At the same time, the frequency of zoonotic outbreaks has been increasing at an alarming rate in recent decades, largely as a result of human actions such as increasing agricultural productivity, clearing forests, animal trade, and climate change. Cases such as the H1N1 influenza pandemic, Nipah virus infection, monkeypox, Ebola, and SARS-CoV-2 have clearly demonstrated the significant epidemic potential of zoonotic infections in human populations.
Urazy oparzeniowe pozostają nadal istotnym problemem zdrowia publicznego, a zakażenia związane z opieką zdrowotną (HAI, ang. Healthcare Associated Infection) są główną przyczyną zachorowalności i zgonów u pacjentów, którzy przeżyli wczesną fazę urazu oparzeniowego. Szczególna podatność tej grupy chorych wynika z trwałej immunosupresji, utraty bariery skórnej oraz konieczności stosowania inwazyjnych procedur medycznych przez cały okres hospitalizacji. We wczesnej fazie urazu dominują patogeny Gram-dodatnie, w tym Staphylococcus aureus o różnym fenotypie oporności, natomiast wraz z wydłużaniem się czasu pobytu w szpitalu narastający udział w zakażeniach mają szczepy szpitalne Gram-ujemne, takie jak Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii i Klebsiella pneumoniae. Narastająca częstość izolacji szczepów wielolekoopornych (MDRO, ang. multidrug-resistant organisms), w tym MDR (ang. multidrug resistance), XDR (ang. extensively drug-resistant) oraz PDR (ang. pandrug-resistant), istotnie ogranicza dostępne opcje terapeutyczne. Dodatkowym problemem są zakażenia grzybicze, wywoływane głównie przez Candida spp. i Aspergillus spp., charakteryzujące się wysoką śmiertelnością, sięgającą 21–42%. Zakażenia krwi wywołane szczepami MDRO charakteryzują się 30-dniową śmiertelnością przekraczającą 50%, co czyni je jednym z najbardziej śmiertelnych powikłań w tej grupie chorych. Dostępne dane wskazują, że najskuteczniejsze strategie profilaktyczne mają charakter wieloelementowy i obejmują kontrolę środowiska szpitalnego, izolację kontaktową, standaryzowaną pielęgnację i leczenie ran oraz efektywny nadzór nad HAI, czyli monitorowanie (ang. surveillance), w tym monitorowanie celowane (ang. targeted surveillance) i monitorowanie ukierunkowane (ang. priority directed surveillance), które pozwalają na minimalizację HAI o 47–85%. Profilaktyczna antybiotykoterapia systemowa nie zmniejsza częstości zakażeń, a jej nieuzasadnione i niekontrolowane stosowanie sprzyja selekcji szczepów MDRO. Program racjonalnej antybiotykoterapii (ASP, ang. antimicrobial stewardship program), oparty na lokalnym nadzorze oporności czynników etiologicznych HAI i systematycznej deeskalacji, pozostaje rekomendowanym standardem organizacyjnym w oddziałach leczenia oparzeń. Niniejszy przegląd wskazuje na istotne luki w standaryzacji diagnostyki mikrobiologicznej i kontroli HAI, podkreślając potrzebę prospektywnych badań wieloośrodkowych oraz zintegrowanego podejścia do opieki nad pacjentem oparzonym.
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic condition driven by epidermal barrier disruption and multiphasic immune dysregulation involving type 2, Th1, Th17, and Th22 pathways. Beyond local cutaneous pathology, systemic interactions mediated by the bidirectional gut-skin axis play an integral role, in which intestinal dysbiosis, depletion of short-chain fatty acid-producing taxa, and compromised epithelial integrity exacerbate cutaneous symptoms. This review evaluates the therapeutic potential and mechanistic pathways of targeted probiotic administration to restore microenvironmental equilibrium and alleviate cutaneous pathology. The underlying biological mechanisms-encompassing epithelial junction reinforcement, short-chain fatty acid biosynthesis, and cytokine rebalancing-are examined alongside current clinical evidence. Therapeutic interventions utilizing selected bacterial strains have been shown to significantly reduce SCORAD indices, indicating that probiotic supplementation represents a viable, safe adjunctive strategy for managing disease severity in both pediatric and adult populations
Background Mycobacterium abscessus infection represents one of the most challenging non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), owing to intrinsic antimicrobial resistance, prolonged persistence within the respiratory tract, and poor therapeutic outcomes. Comprehensive microbiological characterization may support diagnosis, treatment selection, and long-term clinical management.Methods Four sequential M. abscessus subsp. abscessus isolates recovered from bronchoalveolar lavage samples collected between 2017 and 2025 from a cystic fibrosis patient were analyzed. Species and subspecies identification, together with detection of resistance-associated determinants, were performed using MALDI-TOF MS and GenoType NTM-DR assays. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted by broth microdilution according to CLSI recommendations. Biofilm-forming capacity was evaluated using the crystal violet assay. Phenotypic relatedness of sequential isolates was assessed by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy using the IR Biotyper platform.Results Repeated respiratory isolation of M. abscessus together with progressive radiological abnormalities and impaired lung function supported the diagnosis of chronic pulmonary disease. All analyzed isolates were identified as M. abscessus subsp. abscessus. Molecular analysis identified a functional erm(41) determinant consistent with inducible macrolide resistance. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed sustained susceptibility to linezolid and temporal changes in susceptibility to amikacin and clarithromycin, with resistance to cefoxitin, moxifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The isolates demonstrated biofilm-forming ability. FT-IR analysis demonstrated high similarity of spectral profiles among sequential isolates collected during the follow-up periodConclusions Chronic M. abscessus infection in this patient was characterized by repeated recovery of isolates with highly similar FT-IR spectral profiles over eight years, along with temporal changes in antimicrobial resistance and biofilm-forming capacity. While these findings are consistent with persistence of a phenotypically related population, confirmation of clonality and within-host microevolution would require whole-genome sequencing.
