The lactic acid bacteria strains (LAB), mainly Lactobacillus strains, endorse intestinal and serum immune responses to gastrointestinal diseases such as diarrhoea reduction effects and antitoxin rotavirus. Supplementation of diet with LAB can benefit growth performance; nutrient utilisation and nutrient digestibility therefore enhance gut health of pigs. Understanding in the narrative related to the advantageous consequences of consuming a range of LAB for swine production has been widely reviewed, and the hazard and the safety related issues to to use of LAB have also been considered in this review. Taking into consideration that the primary cost in a swine business is feed effectiveness, feed cost, holds an exceptionally, if not the supreme, consequence in industrial pig production. Worldwide, in accompany with other animal industries the swine industry is affecting towards the long run a total ban and in control on the usage of antibiotic growth promoters. For that reason, the selection of a perfect substitute to the in-feed antibiotics to reimburse for the vanished profits because of the ban on the usage of antibiotic is immediately required to maintain the business for the sustainable and advantageous swine production.
Probiotics may represent an appropriate alternative to oral therapy by specifically targeting pathogens during the successive phases of biofilm “formation”. The aim of this work was to find ways to complement and strengthen this anti-biofilm action through examining the effects of 13 probiotics on the “preformed” three-dimensional biofilm structure. An in vitro dental multi-species biofilm model has been developed using pioneer-colonizing streptococci strains Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, and Streptococcus oralis subsp. oralis with the addition of Actinomyces naeslundii, to obtain highly heterogeneous strong biofilm architecture. Among the different probiotic genera tested, only the genus Bacillus had a significant disruptive impact on biofilm. B. subtilis NOH (Natto Original Habitat) isolated from a traditional Japanese fermented food (natto) was the most effective disrupter, able to destroy 39% of pre-formed biofilm. Some results have suggested the presence of biosurfactants in its supernatant. Unlike B. subtilis NOH, the B. subtilis CU1 (CNCM I-2745) strain showed strong antibacterial properties against pathogenic organisms and blocked biofilm development at high probiotic concentration. A dual strategy of applying agents with disruptive (B. subtilis NOH) and antimicrobial (B. subtilis CU1) activity could be an interesting approach, with disassembling of the matrix structure exposing pathogenic organisms to more efficient killing.
The microbiota and the human host maintain a symbiotic association. Nowadays, metagenomic analyses are providing valuable knowledge on the diversity and functionality of the gut microbiota. However, with regard to the definition of a “healthy microbiota” and the characterization of the dysbiosis linked to obesity, there is still not a clear answer. Despite this fact, attempts have been made to counteract obesity through probiotic supplementation. A literature search of experimental studies relevant to the topic was performed in PubMed database with the keywords “probiotic” and “obesity” and restricted to those with “Lactobacillus” or “Bifidobacterium” in the title. So far, evidence of an antiobesity effect of different lactobacilli and bifidobacteria has been mainly obtained from animal models of dietary‐induced obesity. Using these experimental models, a substantial number of studies have reported reductions in weight gain and, in particular, fat tissue mass at different locations following administration of bacteria, as compared with controls. Antiatherogenic and anti‐inflammatory effects—including regulation of expression of lipogenic and lipolytic genes in the liver, reduction in liver steatosis, improvement of blood lipid profile and glucose tolerance, decreased endotoxemia, and regulation of inflammatory pathways—are also reported in many of them. The number of human studies focused on probiotic administration for obesity management is still very scarce, and it is too soon to judge their potential efficacy, especially when considering the fact that the actions of probiotics are always strain specific and the individual response varies according to intrinsic factors, the overall composition of diet, and their interactions.
