Maritime decarbonisation requires a shift towards low- and zero-emission energy systems, while the viability of electrified vessels depends on how voyage energy is provided onboard and replenished externally. Existing reviews mainly organise the field around technologies, vessel configurations and replenishment solutions, with less attention to how energy provision and system constraints shift across the ship-shore system. We reviewed literature published primarily from 2000 to 2026 on onboard capability, external replenishment, ship-shore coordination and resilience, and synthesised these areas through the perspective of voyage-energy provision. The review identifies two energy-supply pathways. Shore-electric operation relies on sustained external electricity supply, while fuel-carried electric operation relies more on onboard fuel storage and conversion. Four representative configurations are distinguished as battery-dominant shore-electric, range-extended hybrid, power-buffered hybrid and fuel-dominant electric. Three illustrative case studies examine how replenishment conditions and onboard capability affect operational feasibility across representative vessel services. As reliance shifts from external supply towards onboard autonomy, the main constraints move from replenishment access and port-side supply capacity towards onboard energy storage and conversion capability. These dependencies also shape vulnerability to physical and cyber disruptions and the continuity of energy services. These findings can support early assessment of likely deployment constraints under different operating and infrastructure conditions and help coordinate vessel and shore-side energy planning.
Rapid transport electrification creates spatially concentrated and temporally varying charging demand, making public charging infrastructure a joint investment and localized energy management problem. This study develops a co-optimization approach, from a charging point operator perspective, integrating incentivized user redirection as a flexibility measure into the spatial joint deployment of multi-class public chargers and on-site solar photovoltaic generation, and battery energy storage, together with retail tariff-responsive grid procurement and battery operations. Logic-based Benders decomposition is used to separate infrastructure decisions from the discrete annual operational problem under user redirection, dynamic time-of-use tariffs, land use constraints, seasonal solar variability, and spatiotemporal charging demand. The method is tested in a case study in Gothenburg, Sweden, using multiple spatial, transport, and energy data sources. Relative to the chargers-only case without user redirection, the combined photovoltaic, battery storage, and user redirection case increases annual net profit by SEK 19.10 million (3.94%), reduces grid purchases by 32.77 GWh/year (28.4%), while serving all charging demand. Within the photovoltaic and storage configuration, user-redirection increases profit by SEK 1.73 million (0.34%), reduces the public charger count by 14.9%, and reallocates 2.08 GWh/year (2.10%) of public demand. The results indicate that local photovoltaics and battery storage account for most of the reduction in grid electricity use, while incentivized user redirection reduces the required chargers and improves the operational use of local energy and charging capacity, consequently amplifying the benefits of PV with battery storage.
The electrification of private vehicles is a central element of decarbonizing transport and energy systems. Accurately anticipating when and where electric vehicles will be adopted is critical for charging infrastructure planning, distribution grid planning, and energy system operation, yet most diffusion models represent adoption at aggregated spatial scales. Here we introduce an open, scalable, high-resolution technology diffusion framework that links household-level electric vehicle adoption with georeferenced building-level residential locations. The framework combines a synthetic population, household-to-building matching, car ownership modeling, and a national Bass diffusion trajectory to translate aggregate electric vehicle growth into localized adoption pathways. We apply the framework to Germany from 2025 to 2050 and evaluate its main components using Census marginals, household-to-building consistency metrics, and registered vehicle counts, demonstrating its suitability for spatially explicit electric vehicle diffusion analysis. The results reveal substantial spatial heterogeneity in electric vehicle diffusion across regions, municipalities, grid cells, and buildings. Differences in household income and the share of single-family houses shape local adoption trajectories, leading to higher adoption in West Germany than in East Germany and slightly higher adoption in rural than urban municipalities in aggregate. The framework provides an open and transferable basis for spatially explicit modeling of household technology diffusion. Future research can build on these findings by applying the framework to other technologies or by linking electric vehicle diffusion at georeferenced building-level locations to charging demand, system operation, and infrastructure planning.
Urban decarbonization is essential for meeting global climate goals; however, progress toward integrated low-carbon urban energy systems remains inadequately slow. The SolarEV City Concept integrates rooftop photovoltaic (PV) generation with electric vehicles (EVs) as city-scale distributed mobile energy storage, using EV batteries to increase the value and flexibility of urban rooftop PV. Modeling studies suggest that high-penetration PV+EV systems could supply 60–95% of municipal electricity demand under scenarios aligned with future sustainable-city development, but real-world integration remains limited. Despite rapid worldwide growth of both PV and EV markets, bidirectional Vehicle-to-Home/Building (V2H/V2B) and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) applications have advanced unevenly, revealing a persistent PV-EV integration gap. This critical integrative review analyzes this gap using a socio-techno-economic framework encompassing six interdependent dimensions: climate, urban structure, technology, economics, policy, and society, across nine countries: Australia, China, France, India, Indonesia, Japan, the Netherlands, South Korea, and the United States. Cross-national comparison shows that implementation is constrained by fragmented bidirectional-charging standards, immature value-stacking and compensation models, distribution-grid and market-access constraints, regulatory separation between energy and transport sectors, and equity barriers that disproportionately limit access for renters, apartment residents, and lower-income households. Five transition-pathway archetypes, ranging from Japan’s resilience-driven V2H pathway to regulation-enabled commercial V2G pathways in France and the Netherlands, demonstrate that SolarEV Cities require a transition from parallel PV and EV promotion toward shared urban-energy visions, interoperable digital infrastructure, feeder-aware planning, inclusive market designs, and multi-stakeholder implementation platforms that convert rapid PV and EV innovation into scalable, resilient, and socially inclusive urban decarbonization.
The growing demand for sustainable, high-performance energy storage is accelerating the transition toward cleaner and more efficient battery manufacturing technologies. Dry battery electrode (DBE) processing is emerging as a key enabler of this shift, as it eliminates toxic solvents, energy-intensive drying, and the large-scale recovery systems required in conventional wet electrode production. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of DBE from the perspectives of processing technology, materials chemistry, sustainability, and application potential. Established and emerging DBE routes are summarized including binder fibrillation-based coating, powder-film formation, hot pressing, roll-to-roll lamination, and additive manufacturing. Furthermore, the influence of binder choice, powder interactions and microstructural design on electrode integrity and electrochemical performance is investigated. The review also highlights the sustainability advantages of solvent-free manufacturing and outlines how DBE can support next-generation battery concepts, including solid-state systems. Additional dry-processible components, such as separators, membranes, and current collectors, are examined to illustrate broader opportunities for solvent-free cell fabrication. Finally, current challenges in scale-up, process control, and interface engineering are discussed, and strategies that may accelerate industrial implementation are presented. Together, these insights position DBE as a promising pathway toward more efficient, flexible, and environmentally friendly battery production.
