Background:Although tension-type headache is the most prevalent primary headache disorder, affecting nearly 26-30% of the population, migraine affects approximately 14-15% globally and is associated with a considerably higher burden of disability. Migraine typically presents as recurrent, pulsatile pain accompanied by nausea, photophobia, and phonophobia. Despite long-term use of conventional treatment, chronic cases often remain refractory. In Unani medicine, this condition corresponds to the melancholic type of migraine (Shaqīqa Sawdāwiyya), caused by derangement of black bile (Sawda'). This case report presents the therapeutic role of classical Unani formulations in alleviating symptoms of chronic migraine without aura. Case Presentation:A 23-year-old female presented with a 14-year history of recurrent, unilateral throbbing and pulsating headaches associated with nausea, photophobia, and phonophobia. The episodes occurred 2-3 times per week, with each attack typically lasting approximately 48 hours and occasionally persisting for up to 72 hours. The patient had a positive family history of migraine, and previous conventional as well as homeopathic treatments failed to provide sustained relief. Based on the clinical presentation and Unani diagnostic principles, the patient was diagnosed with Shaqīqa Sawdāwiyya, corresponding to chronic migraine without aura. The patient was managed with oral and local Unani formulations along with dietary regulation and was followed up from August 2025 to October 2025, with an additional 2-week post-treatment follow-up. Results:At the final follow-up, the patient showed substantial clinical improvement, with the Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) score decreasing from 121 to 4, accompanied by a marked reduction in symptom severity. Conclusion:The classical Unani regimen demonstrated beneficial effects in the management of the patient with chronic migraine without aura. This case highlights the potential of Unani medicine in managing migraine, which can be evaluated in larger clinical trials with robust methodologies. Keywords:Headaches, refractory migraine, neurological disorder, Migraine Disability Assessment, Unani medicine, case report, Shaqiqa.
Background:The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in education is reshaping how students interact with academic content, offering personalized support through intelligent tutoring systems, adaptive platforms, and AI-driven feedback tools. While AI enhances learning efficiency, motivation, and engagement, especially in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) and language education, its cognitive implications require careful examination. Objective:This article explores AI's impact on core cognitive functions such as memory, critical thinking, metacognition, and motivation, using frameworks like Bloom's Taxonomy, Cognitive Load Theory, and Self-Determination Theory. Finding:Research shows that while AI can support learning and retention, overreliance may hinder deep cognitive engagement, original thinking, and self-regulated learning. Ethical concerns, including academic integrity, algorithmic bias, and privacy risks, further challenge the effective use of AI in educational settings. Real-world applications demonstrate AI's potential when used to supplement, not replace, human instruction. Conclusion:This study underscores the need for a balanced, evidence-based approach that prioritizes AI literacy, transparent practices, and pedagogically sound integration. By aligning AI use with cognitive and motivational theories, educators can ensure technology serves as a supportive tool, promoting sustainable learning while preserving essential human-centered educational values. Keywords:Artificial Intelligence, Cognitive Functions, Educational Technology, Motivation.
Abstract:The tradition of Yoga has been an integral part of Indian culture for centuries, evolving through varied practices across India's regional and cultural contexts. Yogic practices like Asana, Pranayama, and Meditation have become popular among people mainly for their role in promoting physical and mental well-being. Among these Yogic practices, asana is the most popular limb of Yoga. Maharshi Patanjali, the father of Yoga, defined asana as a steady and comfortable posture. The practice of Yogasana is important for flexibility, strength, and fitness. This inherent connection among flexibility, strength, and discipline also finds reflection in India's art forms like Sattriya, the classical dance form of Assam introduced by the great Vaishnavite saint Srimanta Sankaradeva. This dance form involves Mati Akhara-physical exercises and postures to create various dance poses. As mentioned in the Hatha Yogic text Gheranda Samhita, asanas strengthen our bodies and make them flexible. Mati Akhara, in particular, exemplifies various bodily movements like horizontal, vertical, and circular, with various forms of bending, thereby making the body more flexible. The present study highlighted significant parallels between these movements and the postures described in Yogasanas, revealing a close connection between Sankaradeva's Mati Akhara and the tradition of Yoga, a highly under-researched area. keywords:Mati Akhara, Sankaradeva, Sattriya dance, Yogasanas, Yoga, Assam.
Introduction:Cases of uterine leiomyoma are frequent in clinical practice. Clinical symptoms and indications range from no symptoms to acute abdominal pain. Notably, pain in the abdominal flanks can also be associated with renal calculi. This case report is unique because it documents the successful management of subserosal uterine leiomyoma and renal calculi in a 19-year-old female patient using individualized Homoeopathic medicines, highlighting a holistic mind-body approach. Case Summary:The patient presented with irregular menses for 1-year, dark clotted menstrual flow, lower abdominal pain, loose stools, anxiety before defecation, and fatigue on minimal exertion. Ultrasonography of the abdomen and pelvis revealed a 5 cm × 4.2 cm subserosal uterine leiomyoma and a 7 mm right renal calculus. Intervention:Individualized Homeopathic treatment was prescribed, starting with Pulsatilla nigricans 200 C, followed by Calcarea Carbonicum 200 C, along with Saccharum lactis as a vehicle for dose administration. Outcomes:The patient experienced progressive relief in menstrual irregularity, abdominal and lumbar pain, gastrointestinal complaints, and overall fatigue. Follow-up ultrasonography of the abdomen and pelvis demonstrated resolution of the renal calculus and normalization of uterine structure. Conclusion:This case report demonstrates the potential of individualized Homoeopathic medicines in addressing both uterine fibroids and renal calculi. A holistic approach considering mental, physical, and constitutional symptoms may contribute to favourable outcomes in similar cases. keywords:Subserosal uterine leiomyoma, renal calculi, Homoeopathy, Pulsatilla nigricans, Calcarea Carbonicum, Constitutional medicine, nanomedicine.
