ABSTRACT This research investigates the complex relationship between land use and land cover (LULC) changes and runoff for hydropower. Remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) approach were employed to conduct the analysis on LULC changes over the period of 21 years. In conjunction, the Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS‐CN) method was employed to estimate runoff volumes based on the LULC changes. The findings reveal a significant change in the LULC type where forested area experienced major loss, primarily due to the urban and agricultural expansion. This has resulted in the increase of CN value, which relates the LULC changes with runoff. The findings demonstrate that LULC changes associated with increased runoff potential, as reflected by higher curve (CN) values, while rainfall variability also influences the estimated runoff volumes. Forest cover declined from 74.10% in 2001 to 68.85% in 2022, while urban area increased from 7.92% to 11.11%. Hydropower generation is estimated using the empirical Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS‐CN) hydrological model to compute total runoff, while the Flow Duration Curve (FDC) is used to determine the flow available for hydropower generation. The research is important for land use management practices and provides valuable information for hydropower operators to create a sustainable hydropower operation.
ABSTRACT The Strait of Malacca is one of the world's busiest and most operationally demanding maritime corridors. Nevertheless, the monitoring of marine aids to navigation (AtoN) in high‐density maritime environments remains heavily dependent on periodic inspections and manual reporting, limiting continuous visibility of infrastructure conditions. This study presents the engineering design, large‐scale deployment and operational evaluation of the AtoN Remote Monitoring System (ARMS) for high‐density maritime traffic waters in Malaysia. The framework integrates asset‐level multi‐sensor instrumentation, local signal validation within purpose‐built ARMS enclosures, hybrid communication through the Automatic Identification System (AIS), very high frequency (VHF) radio and cellular networks, and the centralised shore‐based e‐Nav.my monitoring platform. The study contributes a replicable engineering framework for digitalised AtoN monitoring and provides quantitative evidence of system availability, communication reliability, alert performance and maintenance response. A 90‐day operational assessment was conducted across 478 ARMS‐equipped AtoN installations within a national inventory of 853 installations, comprising 3.4 million validated sensor records, 412 automated alerts and 183 associated maintenance actions. The measured monthly system availability was 98.3%, while the measured communication success rate was 98.7%. A probabilistic reliability model estimated a theoretical availability of 99.94% for the three‐channel communication architecture. Fault detection system achieves an average measured fault detection delay of only 8.4 min, an alarm accuracy rate of 93.9%, and a false alarm rate of 6.1%. The average time elapsed from alarm generation to fault repair is 14.2 h. These metrics are far superior to the 15‐to‐45‐day detection delay of traditional inspection methods. These findings demonstrate the operational feasibility of integrating distributed sensing, resilient communication and centralised digital monitoring to support condition‐aware management of geographically dispersed AtoN infrastructure.
ABSTRACT The persistent contamination of global water resources by microplastics necessitates the development of advanced and sustainable remediation strategies. Graphene hybrid architectures (GHAs) have emerged as a sustainable strategy to address this environmental crisis. The extraordinary features of graphene‐based materials enable it to interact with a broad range of contaminants via multiple mechanisms, making them highly effective in water remediation. This review systematically elucidates advanced strategic functionalization and application of diverse GHAs, including graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), graphene quantum dots (GQD), and three‐dimensional graphene‐based frameworks (3DGF), and so forth. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of graphene‐based materials in mitigating plastic pollution (white pollution), where their ability to absorb and aggregate microplastics aids in their effective removal from water. Additionally, the capacity of graphene surfaces in adsoption and ion‐exchange mechanisms offers high‐capacity rejection ability towards microplastics. The incorporation of graphene amid semiconductor photocatalyst/metal nanoparticles is also tinted as a potent strategy to advance charge migration and photocatalytic competency for the collapse of relentless white pollution. This ample review attempts to propose an inclusive foundation to figure out the role of graphene between GHAs composition and their act along with approaches to mitigate the white pollution.
ABSTRACT Quasi‐isotropic (QI) laminates can exhibit similar in‐plane properties while developing different flexural responses because the bending stiffness matrix depends on both ply orientation and ply position through the laminate thickness. In balanced and symmetric QI laminates, non‐zero and terms can produce bending‐twisting (B–T) coupling under out‐of‐plane loading. This study investigates the influence of B–T coupling on the flexural and damage behaviour of 16‐ply QI carbon‐fibre laminates with 0°, 90° and ±45° ply orientations. Classical laminate theory was used to derive the stacking configurations and determine their stiffness and coupling terms. Three laminates with identical extensional stiffness matrices and comparable primary bending stiffness terms, but different and values, were evaluated using short‐beam and three‐point bending tests, followed by post‐failure damage examination. The stacking‐sequence analysis identified 32 extensional isotropic laminate (EIL) configurations with = = 0. The laminate without B–T coupling recorded the highest short‐beam strength, failure load and flexural strength, while the laminate with the highest B–T coupling recorded values approximately 7%–8% lower. Post‐failure observations also showed more extensive internal damage and ply separation in the laminate with higher B–T coupling. These results show that stacking‐sequence B–T coupling is associated with measurable differences in the flexural and damage responses of balanced and symmetric DI laminates.
ABSTRACT The rising demand for higher data transmission speeds and enhanced reliability in extreme mobility scenarios is driving the need for robust physical layer designs in sixth generation (6 G) networks. One of the critical challenges in multicarrier transmission is the high peak‐to‐average power ratio (PAPR), which reduces power amplifier efficiency and increases power consumption. This article presents a comparative evaluation of PAPR reduction across three wireless transmission systems: conventional orthogonal frequency‐division multiplexing (OFDM), filtered‐OFDM (F‐OFDM), and emerging orthogonal time frequency space modulation (OTFSM). The inherent PAPR characteristics of these systems are analyzed, and the gains achieved by deploying an enhancement asymmetric arithmetic coding (EAAC) technique are further investigated. The EAAC technique is selected for its ability to reduce PAPR without introducing signal distortion, side information, or additional computational complexity. Simulation results, conducted with standard parameters, demonstrate that the OTFSM system inherently exhibits the lowest PAPR (8.50 dB at CCDF of 10 −2 ), benefiting from its delay‐Doppler (DD) domain structure. The deployment of EAAC provides significant complementary PAPR reduction across all systems, with the OTFSM and EAAC combination achieving the optimal performance (7.82 dB, corresponding to an 8.00% improvement). These findings suggest that OTFSM has strong potential as a waveform candidate for future 6 G applications, particularly when combined with coding‐assisted PAPR reduction techniques.
