Omori’s law (1894) is a fundamental concept that explains the temporal decay of aftershock activity. In this study, we applied a reformulated modified Omori law expressed as a differential equation to quantify the decay rate of aftershock behavior in the Central Himalaya. The key parameter, the deactivation coefficient (σ), quantifies how fast the earthquake sequence decays. Moreover, σ provides insight into post-seismic processes such as stress redistribution and microfracture healing. Aftershock sequences from three 2015 Central Himalayan earthquakes (Gorkha M7.6, Dolakha M7.0, and Kalikot M5.5) were analyzed using data from the International Seismological Center (ISC) and published catalogs. Since σ is a time-dependent function following the Omori epoch, only the initial 5–10 days after the mainshock were considered in this study. The results show that larger earthquakes exhibit smaller σ values: 0.0115±0.0019 for M7.6, 0.0218± 0.0096 for M7.0, and 0.0388±0.0124 for M5.5, indicating slower and longer-lasting aftershock activity. The relation between mainshock magnitude and σ is consistent with the model σ = A−BM0, although higher values of A (0.109) and B (0.0134) were obtained. Compared to global observations, the Central Himalaya region exhibits slower post-seismic relaxation. This behavior is likely controlled by the low-angle geometry of the Main Himalayan Thrust, elevated pore fluid pressure, and complex fault structures. The directional migration of aftershocks (eastward in eastern events and westward in western events) may indicate a partially locked or segmented section of the Main Himalayan Thrust, suggesting possible stress accumulation and a seismic gap in the Central Himalaya. These findings provide important implications for seismic hazard assessment, disaster preparedness, and risk mitigation strategies in the Central Himalaya region.
Plants have long served as vital sources of bioactive compounds for food, spice, and medicine. Cinnamomum tamala, a traditional Nepali spice and herbal remedy, has shown promising pharmacological potential, including anticancer properties. This study aimed to explore the anti-gastric cancer potential of phytoconstituents from Cinnamomum tamala using a network pharmacology-based in silico approach. The GC–MS analysis of methanolic extracts of three plant samples collected from different locations revealed thirty compounds, among which sixteen were common volatile constituents. Four major compounds, cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl acetate, linalool, and caryophyllene oxide, were selected for further computational analysis. A total of 105 target proteins of the compound and 1,012 gastric cancer-associated genes were identified, revealing 48 overlapping targets. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis highlighted PTGS2, TLR4, NR3C1, RELA, and JAK2 as key hub proteins. KEGG pathway enrichment indicated significant involvement of the PD-L1 expression and PD-1 checkpoint pathway in cancer, Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation, and the NF-κB signaling pathway. These findings suggest that compounds of Cinnamomum tamala may exert anti-gastric cancer effects by modulating immune checkpoints and inhibiting oncogenic signaling pathways, thereby promoting apoptosis of gastric cancer cells. This study provides molecular insights supporting the potential therapeutic application of Cinnamomum tamala in gastric cancer treatment.
We comparatively studied the spatial orientation of angular momentum alignment of 20,000 spiral galaxies selected from the SDSS DR16 i-band photometry. The sample is divided into two intermediate redshift ranges: 0.13-0.14 and 0.14-0.15. The 2D parameters were converted into 3D spin orientations using Godlowskian Transformation, where the azimuthal angle is derived from the tangential formula. A “Virtual Control” simulation of 107 random galaxies was developed in the model of the survey to predict the expected distribution. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate the randomness of the distributions. The statistical results show that while localized anisotropies exist in specific slices, the overall orientation of spin vectors is consistent with isotropy. The Fourier coefficients for both samples fall within the Hierarchy model of galaxy formation.
The non-destructive, in-situ open-circuit potential mapping (OCPM) technique is used to investigate the corrosion probability conditions of rebar-embedded concretes (RECs) in urban areas of Tansen Municipality, Nepal. One hundred and three (103) REC samples of five different types are assessed in the present study. Corrosion condition of 51 building pillars (BPs), 27 reinforcement road slabs (R2Ss), 10 building roofs (BRs), 10 fencing pillars (FPs), and 5 sewage supply pipes (S2Ps) are evaluated from four surface points of each sample specimen per ASTM C876-22b standards. This assessment indicates the RECs of Tansen municipality areas are in a minimal or least corrosion risk (LCR) zone, i.e., <10% probability of corrosion. RECs with rough-cracked surfaces in high humidity show a zone of severe corrosion risk per the recorded OCP values. The REC pillars of the buildings are at a slightly higher corrosion risk than the building roof slabs. Reinforcing rebars of S2Ps and FPs are more vulnerable than BRs and R2Ss of Tansen.
Abstract Medicinal Plants have a long history and have been used as medicinal agents to cure a variety of diseases. The main aim of this study is the investigation of the phytochemical profile and biological activity of leaf extracts of Leucas lavandulifolia, using methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, DCM and hexane as solvents. This study quantifies the total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) of each extract. Additionally, antioxidant activity is evaluated using the DPPH radical scavenging test. The antibacterial effectiveness of various plant extracts is evaluated against a variety of pathogenic microorganisms along with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) determined. The cytotoxic effects of the extracts are determined using the brine shrimp lethality test. The results show significant changes in phytochemical composition and biological activity. The methanol and ethyl acetate extracts had the highest TPC and TFC values (56.95 ± 0.13 mg GAE/g and 119.83 ± 0.12 mg QE/g, respectively), indicating a high abundance of polyphenolic compounds. The methanolic extract had high antioxidant activity (221.0 ± 0.15 µg/mL), whereas the ethyl acetate and hexane extracts showed weak antioxidant potential. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of Ethyl acetate extract against S. aureus and S. sonnei were found to be 11 mm for both extracts. Which was slightly near to that of positive control neomycin (22 mm and 23 mm). Ethyl acetate and DCM extracts had equal MIC and MBC value against S. sonnei (MIC 1.56 mg/mL & MBC). The LC50 for DCM extract was found as 731.31 µg/mL. This extensive comparative analysis provides insight on the solvent-dependent extraction efficiency and biological activities of Leucas lavandulifolia extracts, laying the groundwork for future research and possible uses in medicines, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics.
