Green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) remains eco-friendly and an alternative to biological resources such as algae, bacteria, plants, and fungi. NPs minimize the usage of hazardous or toxic chemicals, lessen energy usage, and advance the biocompatibility of the NPs. This will enable them to be fit for their applications in diverse fields, such as biomedicine, environment, pharmacy, industry, and agriculture. Improving drug delivery, reducing toxicity, and enhancing therapeutic efficacy make NPs profitable. Platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) have unique properties with biocompatibility. Characterization, functionalization, and synthesis of PtNPs play a crucial role in determining their properties and suitability for detailed applications. Antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties of PtNPs are attributed to their physicochemical nature. Synthesis of PtNPs is likely possible by physical, chemical, and biological methods. Among biological entities, algae, plant extracts, bacteria, and fungi were found to be effective in the synthesis of PtNPs. PtNP synthesis with various reagents, stabilizing agents, and reactive oxygen species can improve specific properties of NPs. Characterization of PtNPs by performing scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction analysis is not only helpful for knowing diverse shapes, structures, and sizes of NPs, but also biological activities.
Cancer therapy is often a prolonged and complex process, requiring repeated administrations of chemotherapeutics or immunotherapies over many months or even years. Such treatment regimens commonly involve high dosing frequencies and fluctuating drug levels, which can result in poor patient adherence, increased strain on healthcare systems, and inconsistent therapeutic outcomes. Long-acting injectable (LAI) formulations offer compelling advantages that address these limitations. By sustaining therapeutic drug concentrations for days, weeks, or even months, LAIs help maintain stable drug exposure, reduce dosing frequency, and alleviate the treatment burden on patients, ultimately improving both efficacy and quality of life. In this review, the authors summarize the current landscape of LAI delivery systems and their applications in cancer therapy. The authors begin by outlining the major drug-delivery technologies employed in long-acting formulations, followed by an analysis of the diverse delivery platforms under active investigation. Representative therapeutic agents that have achieved or are progressing through clinical translation are highlighted, along with emerging laboratory research exploring next-generation long-acting systems. Finally, the authors discuss industrial and regulatory considerations that influence the development and commercialization of LAI products. The authors hope this review serves as a valuable resource for researchers and developers working toward the successful translation of innovative long-acting anticancer therapies.
The rapid evolution of optical biosensors has revolutionized molecular detection in medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and food safety, offering label-free, real-time, and high-sensitivity capabilities. Despite their advantages, conventional optical biosensors face inherent limitations in resolving sub-wavelength structures and detecting ultra-low concentration analytes in real time. To overcome these diffraction-limited constraints, this review critically examines the integration of plasmonic phenomena – specifically surface plasmon resonance and localized surface plasmon resonance – with advanced fiber-optic architectures. This study analyzes the mechanistic shifts from traditional evanescent wave confinement in tapered and U-shaped fibers to hybrid plasmonic-fiber configurations that significantly enhance electromagnetic field interactions. Special emphasis is placed on the role of nanomaterials, including noble metal nanoparticles (gold and silver) and metal oxides such as zinc oxide, in amplifying sensitivity and selectivity. Furthermore, this study surveys recent advancements in deep-learning-assisted optimization algorithms designed to interpret complex spectral data and improve detection limits for biomarkers, pathogens, and nucleic acids. By synthesizing current practical performances and addressing existing challenges in miniaturization and integration, this work highlights the transformative potential of smart plasmonic biosensors in next-generation biomedical diagnostics and wireless sensing applications.
Nature has long served as a source of inspiration for addressing complex engineering challenges. Over millions of years, biological systems have evolved structural solutions that efficiently absorb energy, regulate vibrations, control aerodynamic performance, and withstand extreme mechanical loads. By studying these systems, engineers seek to extract functional principles that can guide the design of safer, lighter, and more efficient structures across diverse applications, including civil infrastructure, transportation systems, protective equipment, and aerial vehicles. This review presents recent developments in bioinspired structural engineering with a focus on four key application areas: vibration control, vibration isolation, energy absorption, and impact or blast-resistant structures. For each area, relevant biological systems are examined to identify the underlying structural mechanisms responsible for their performance, and their translation into engineering applications is discussed. By linking biological strategies with modern engineering design approaches, this review highlights how bioinspired and biomimetic concepts can support the development of innovative and resilient structural systems.
The fast growth of healthcare technologies has created a strong need for advanced materials that can support accurate diagnosis, less invasive treatments, and patient-specific solutions. Traditional materials often fail to meet these requirements because they are not easily adjustable and cannot adapt to changing biological conditions. In this context, metamaterials have emerged as a promising solution. These are specially designed materials whose properties depend on their structure rather than their chemical composition. Metamaterials can control electromagnetic, mechanical, acoustic, and thermal waves in unique ways, opening new possibilities in medical science. This paper presents a clear and practical overview of the use of metamaterials in healthcare. It explains their basic concepts, design methods, and importance in modern medicine. The study highlights their applications in diagnostics, treatment, and biomedical devices, where they offer high sensitivity, targeted energy delivery, better compatibility with the human body, and real-time monitoring. The paper also discusses the integration of metamaterials with artificial intelligence, enabling smart and personalized healthcare solutions. While metamaterials show great potential in improving disease detection and treatment outcomes, challenges such as complex fabrication, scalability, biocompatibility, and regulatory approval still need attention. This work provides useful insights for researchers and healthcare professionals.
