Against the backdrop of the Canada-India Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA), we investigate whether the two countries have achieved optimal export potential under the existing trade environment. The paper, based on data from International Trade Centre and World Integrated Trade Solutions for the period 2004-2025, finds substantial untapped export potential in both countries, though the underlying reasons vary. Canada's exports face significant tariffs and Non Tariff Measures (NTMs) in India. In contrast, India's exports to Canada face fewer market access conditions compared to their other major destinations. The study also identifies the dualistic nature of NTMs: while numerous NTMs exist for India's export to Canada, they often are found to be trade-facilitating rather than -restricting. The study's key contribution lies in illustrating the heterogeneous effects of granular NTMs. We conclude that even when tariffs are low, behind-the-border dissipative barriers can impose disproportionately high transaction costs. Thus, addressing NTMs by product and regulatory intent would be more pragmatic and beneficial.
Foreign electoral interference poses a critical challenge to democratic states, and Canada is no exception. The growing scale and sophistication of such interference have increasingly undermined public confidence in the democratic process. Recent election-related controversies have prompted the Canadian government to reassess the nature and extent of foreign electoral interference, as well as its implications for public trust in democratic institutions and the preservation of national sovereignty. Drawing on diverse bodies of literature, this paper examines how the Canadian government has addressed foreign electoral interference and sought to protect and advance its national interests. It focuses on the experiences of the Chinese Canadian community in federal elections, primarily from 2019 to the present, and considers the lessons that may be drawn for other democratic states. Policy recommendations are also discussed. L'ing & eacute;rence & eacute;trang & egrave;re dans les & eacute;lections est un d & eacute;fi majeur pour les & Eacute;tats d & eacute;mocratiques, et le Canada ne fait pas exception. L'ampleur et la sophistication croissantes de ces ing & eacute;rences & eacute;branlent de plus en plus la confiance du public dans les processus d & eacute;mocratiques. Les r & eacute;centes controverses li & eacute;es aux & eacute;lections ont pouss & eacute; le gouvernement canadien & agrave; r & eacute;& eacute;valuer la nature et l'& eacute;tendue de l'ing & eacute;rence & eacute;trang & egrave;re dans le processus & eacute;lectoral, ainsi que ses implications pour la confiance du public dans les institutions d & eacute;mocratiques et la pr & eacute;servation de la souverainet & eacute; nationale. S'appuyant sur divers ouvrages, cet article examine comment le gouvernement canadien a r & eacute;agi face aux ing & eacute;rences & eacute;lectorales & eacute;trang & egrave;res et s'est mobilis & eacute; pour prot & eacute;ger et promouvoir ses int & eacute;r & ecirc;ts nationaux. Il se concentre sur les exp & eacute;riences de la communaut & eacute; sino-canadienne lors des & eacute;lections f & eacute;d & eacute;rales, principalement de 2019 & agrave; aujourd'hui, et examine les enseignements qui peuvent & ecirc;tre tir & eacute;s pour d'autres & Eacute;tats d & eacute;mocratiques. Des recommandations politiques sont & eacute;galement abord & eacute;es.
This article integrates political budget cycle (PBC) theory with parliamentary content analysis to examine how Canadian governments frame defence spending in House of Commons debates between 1990 and 2023 and how these rhetorical patterns correlate with observed defence spending outcomes. Using an original longitudinal dataset of speeches by incumbent Members of Parliament, I classify defence spending-related discourse into expansion-oriented and restraint-oriented categories, adapting established political text classification approaches to the Canadian defence context. This analysis documents systematic variation in rhetorical emphasis on defence spending across various fiscal conditions, electoral timing, partisan incumbency, and the external security environment, and evaluates descriptive correspondence with defence spending using contemporaneous and lagged correlations. The findings show a persistent predominance of expansion-oriented defence spending discourse across incumbent governments. However, restraint-oriented discourse is more strongly negatively correlated with defence spending growth than expansion-oriented discourse is positively correlated with spending increases, both contemporaneously and across temporal lags. Cet article associe la th & eacute;orie du cycle budg & eacute;taire politique (CBP) & agrave; l'analyse du contenu parlementaire afin d'examiner comment les gouvernements canadiens ont pr & eacute;sent & eacute; les d & eacute;penses de d & eacute;fense lors des d & eacute;bats & agrave; la Chambre des communes entre 1990 et 2023, et comment ces mod & egrave;les rh & eacute;toriques sont li & eacute;s aux r & eacute;sultats observ & eacute;s en mati & egrave;re de d & eacute;pense de d & eacute;fense. En utilisant un ensemble de donn & eacute;es longitudinales issues des discours des d & eacute;put & eacute;s en exercice, je classe les discours ayant rapport aux d & eacute;penses de d & eacute;fense en deux cat & eacute;gories - ceux ax & eacute;s sur l'expansion et ceux ax & eacute;s sur la mod & eacute;ration - en adaptant les approches & eacute;tablies de classification des textes politiques au contexte de la d & eacute;fense canadienne. Cette analyse met en & eacute;vidence une variation syst & eacute;matique dans l'accent mis sur les d & eacute;penses de d & eacute;fense en fonction des conditions budg & eacute;taires, du calendrier & eacute;lectoral, de l'appartenance politique des dirigeants en place, et de l'environnement s & eacute;curitaire ext & eacute;rieur, et & eacute;value la corr & eacute;lation descriptive avec les d & eacute;penses de d & eacute;fense & agrave; l'aide de corr & eacute;lations simultan & eacute;es et diff & eacute;r & eacute;es. Les r & eacute;sultats montrent que le discours favorable & agrave; une augmentation des d & eacute;penses de d & eacute;fense reste pr & eacute;dominant au sein des gouvernements en place. Cependant, le discours pr & ocirc;nant la mod & eacute;ration est plus fortement corr & eacute;l & eacute;, n & eacute;gativement, & agrave; la croissance des d & eacute;penses de d & eacute;fense, que celui pr & ocirc;nant l'expansion ne l'est, positivement, & agrave; l'augmentation de ces d & eacute;penses, aussi bien en temps r & eacute;el qu'avec un d & eacute;calage temporel.
Following Colombia's landmark 2016 Peace Agreement with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, Canada stepped in with a C$57.4 million pledge to support peacebuilding. With the launch of Canada's Feminist International Assistance Policy in 2017, these commitments unfolded within a new policy context marked by a prioritization of gender equality (GE). This article examines the intersection of Canadian aid, justice, security, and gender in Colombia. Empirical data show that, since 2017, the GE focus has increased, with most aid programs yielding some level of GE outcomes. The article maps the impact of four Canadian funded projects along a spectrum ranging from the status quo of "gendered institutions" to "transformative change." Applying a feminist institutionalist analysis, it argues that the impact of Canadian assistance lies in the in between space of these two extremes - marked by progress beyond the status quo but still shy of hitting the transformative mark. The article concludes that Colombia's complex socio-political landscape overlays the agency of Canada's implementing partners, their Southern counterparts, and the donor itself, both enabling and constraining the full transformative capacity of the intervention. The methodology combines mixed methods, including 29 semi-structured interviews with key informants in Ottawa and Bogot & aacute;. & Agrave; la suite de l'accord de paix historique conclu en 2016 entre la Colombie et les Forces arm & eacute;es r & eacute;volutionnaires de Colombie, le Canada s'est engag & eacute; & agrave; verser 57,4 millions de dollars canadiens pour soutenir la consolidation de la paix. Avec le lancement de la Politique d'aide internationale f & eacute;ministe du Canada en 2017, ces engagements se sont inscrits dans un nouveau contexte politique marqu & eacute; par la priorit & eacute; accord & eacute;e & agrave; l'& eacute;galit & eacute; entre les genres (EG). Cet article examine les liens entre l'aide canadienne, la justice, la s & eacute;curit & eacute;, et les questions de genre en Colombie. Des donn & eacute;es empiriques montrent que, depuis 2017, l'accent mis sur l'EG s'est renforc & eacute;, la plupart des programmes d'aide produisant certains r & eacute;sultats dans ce domaine. Cet article analyse l'impact de quatre projets financ & eacute;s par le Canada, sur un spectre allant des & laquo; institutions genr & eacute;es & raquo; au & laquo; changement transformateur & raquo;. En s'appuyant sur une analyse f & eacute;ministe institutionnaliste, il soutient que l'impact de l'aide canadienne r & eacute;side dans l'espace situ & eacute; entre ces deux extr & ecirc;mes - caract & eacute;ris & eacute; par des progr & egrave;s par rapport au statu quo, mais sans pour autant atteindre le seuil de transformation. L'article conclut que le paysage sociopolitique de la Colombie influence la capacit & eacute; & agrave; agir des partenaires de mise en oe uvre du Canada, de leurs homologues du Sud, et du donateur lui-m & ecirc;me, ce qui & agrave; la fois favorise et limite la pleine capacit & eacute; de transformation de l'intervention. La m & eacute;thodologie repose sur une approche mixte, comprenant notamment 29 entretiens semi-structur & eacute;s avec des informateurs cl & eacute;s & agrave; Ottawa et & agrave; Bogot & aacute;.
