phosphatase level were high in blood respectively 151 U/L and 493 U/l show in Figure 1. It indicates liver injury and cirrhosis. The AFP test indicates correlation with Hepatocellular carcinoma. The AFP level in patient was 6101 ng/ml and normal values were 0.1 – 10. Higher level of AFP indicates that HCC have positive relation with AFP to proliferate cancer. The test formed by fully automated state of the Art analyzer Beckman Coulter
mask or equivalent (local hospital policy at this time).Anaesthesia was induced with propofol, fentanyl and rocuronium and was maintained with sevofurane in a mixture of oxygen and nitrous oxide.The patient's trachea was intubated orally using a McGrath video-laryngoscope with a size 8 mm (ID) standard tracheal tube.Following intubation, a radial arterial line was sited and the patient placed in the left lateral position.A consultant anaesthetist with extensive experience in the use of ultrasound assisted neuraxial techniques scanned the patient's back with a curvilinear probe.Using ultrasound, the consultant demonstrated the sacrum and identified the lumbar intervertebral spaces showing narrow gaps and a longitudinally rotated spine.Spinous process shadow on the ultrasound showed that in the left lateral position the midline was significantly superior to the previous decompression scar (Figure 1).
Cancer Stud Ther J, Volume 6(1): 1–2, 2021 In 1985 Hans Blix, the then IAEA Director General, called for the creation of an advisory committee in the area of nuclear safety. As a result, IAEA’s International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group (INSAG) was formed with the main objective to offer advice on matters of nuclear safety, produce safety standards, and identify nuclear safety issues of international significance [1]. Only a year later the newly created Advisory Group was faced with one of the most terrifying nuclear accidents in history: Chernobyl. The concept of ‘safety culture’ was first introduced in the report that the Advisory Group issued a few months after the accident. Product of a crisis in the nuclear industry, the concept of safety culture was defined and analyzed as “assembly of characteristics and attitudes in organizations and individuals, which establishes that, as an overriding priority, nuclear plant safety issues receive the attention warranted by their significance.” Obviously, the emphasis was on organizational policies and managerial actions while individuals were seen as having “personal attitudes and habits of thought” linked to safety [2]. The aim was to strengthen the safety of nuclear power plants and avoid Chernobyl-type accidents in the future. Nevertheless, in a IAEA 2007 updated definition of culture, “nuclear power plant safety issues” (1986 definition) has been simply replaced by “protection and safety issues” [3] to mark a wider concern about safety culture in other “safety conscious industries” [4]. Evidently, since 1986 nuclear safety culture has been closely and primarily connected to organizational and technical issues within nuclear industrial settings leaving the medical sector largely unaffected. In this sense, culture is identified with learned behavior, a whole body of attitudes, habits, and practices passed on from one generation of nuclear operators to the next and related to the style of organizations and their culture. This understanding of safety culture is linked to earlier conceptualizations of culture—as static, shared, and uniform—that have prevailed in anthropology in the early part of the 20th century. The culture concept in use comes actually to mean the cultivation of people—in this case nuclear operators—through special technical education. Based on this perspective, individuals have been seen as complacent or in a position that is opposed to and thus outside culture [5-7].
this index was originally examined. In this study, a low NI was seen as a poor survival predictor. Abstract Background: Ovarian Cancer (OC) cases with low CA-125 concentration during routine physical examination testing are troublesome and raise false negative findings ratio. The aim of this analysis was to determine whether the Lymphocyte-To-Monocyte Ratio (LMR) and the Nutritional Index (NI) of OC patients with normal CA-125 levels had a predictive role. Methods: This retrospective study enrolled a total of 102 OC-diagnosed patients who underwent primary cytoreductive surgery and adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy from 2010 to 2019. Using Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves (ROC) for survival analysis, optimum cut-off values for NI and LMR were calculated. The Kaplan-Meier (KM) curve and Cox regression determined the prognostic value for Overall Survival (OS) and Progression-Free Survival (PFS). Results: The results showed that the optimal cutoff values were 47.5 and 4.25, respectively, for NI and LMR. NI was shown to be significantly correlated with FIGO stage, Grade, the involvement of malignant ascites, and platinum response, and LMR with FIGO stage, lymph node metastasis, malignant ascites, and platinum response when the population was separated using optimized cut-off. The 5-year OS and PFS were greatly enhanced by a high NI ( ≧ 47.5). A low LMR (<4.25) was associated significantly with poor 5-year PFS and OS. Both NI and LMR were independent prognosticators for the 5-year OS in multivariate analysis. Conclusions: In CA125-normal ovarian cancer cases, elevated NI and LMR are positive prognosticators.
Intralesional therapy has been used in oncology for over a century.The former empirical observations on local control were followed by trials with administration of different substances and/or destructive treatments with the aim of controlling cancer growth.Chemotherapy, molecular target therapy, radiotherapy and other physical therapies were initially viewed as a strategy that mainly affected tumor cells, but accumulating evidence in recent years indicates that can also affect the immune system and the tumor microenvironment to contribute to tumor regression.In the light of the recent and relevant findings in immunotherapy, a new point of view that integrates the current knowledge in the topic is presented, with the aim of stimulating further research that might help to optimize the use of new drugs, making them affordable, more effective and less toxic.
