This article provides a detailed analysis of the term "selective reporting" (SR) and related concepts, such as "distorted reporting" and "publication bias". A classification is proposed that divides SR methods into direct and indirect. It is emphasized that SR is prevalent in virtually all fields of clinical medicine. Sponsor companies play a significant role in the occurrence of SR. Various types of SR are illustrated with specific examples. Special attention is paid to adherence to the fundamental principles of evidence-based medicine as a guarantee for minimizing SR. The author concludes that the current practice of SR prevents the formation of an accurate assessment of the efficacy and safety of specific medicinal products.
Aim . To assess clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic parameters, body composition, and adipose tissue (AT) distribution in women and men hospitalized in a cardiac intensive care unit with acute decompensated heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (ADHFpEF). Material and methods . This descriptive comparative analysis included 240 patients with ADHFpEF (181 women and 59 men) assessed within the single-center prospective observational study GRIF. Clinical, anamnestic, and laboratory indicators, structural and functional heart parameters, body composition (via bioimpedance analysis), and epicardial AT (EAT) thickness were evaluated. Results . Women were older than men: 78,0 [73,0-85,0] vs 73,0 [66,0-78,5] years (p<0,001). Intergroup comparison showed that women had higher left atrial volume index (43,0 vs 41,0 ml/m 2 , p=0,006), relative left ventricular wall thickness (0,56 vs 0,51, p<0,001), percentage of body fat (39,1 vs 27,4%, p<0,001), and EAT thickness (5,0 vs 3,0 mm, p<0,001). Furthermore, a decrease in ≥1 indicator of right ventricular systolic function was more frequent in women (26,5 vs 10,3%, p=0,010). There was no significant difference in in-hospital mortality between the groups. Conclusion . In patients hospitalized with (ADHFpEF, sex-related differences in echocardiographic parameters and body composition were identified. Women were characterized by greater relative left ventricular wall thickness and left atrial volume index, a higher frequency of impairment in ≥1 right ventricular systolic function parameter, as well as a higher percentage of body fat and EAT thickness, despite a comparable body mass index. It should be noted that women were older than men; therefore, the identified intergroup differences may be associated not only with sex but also with age and other potential confounding factors.
Aim . To study a complex of blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers in hypertensive (HTN) patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to clarify their pathogenetic role in cognitive deficit of various origins. Material and methods . We examined 37 patients with HTN and signs of MCI, aged 55-85 years. The study included neuropsychological testing, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Based on clinical and tomographic data, patients were divided into 3 following groups: those with neurodegenerative, vascular, and mixed origin of cognitive impairment. Levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), NMDA receptor NR2A subunit antibodies (anti-NR2A), endothelin 1-21, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured in blood (serum and K2EDTA plasma) and CSF using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Neutrophil elastase (NE) activity was assessed spectrophotometrically using the specific substrate N-t-BOC-Ala-p-nitrophenyl ester. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistica 12.0 software with non-parametric methods; differences were considered significant at p<0,05. The Bonferroni correction was applied for multiple comparisons. Results. Significant intergroup differences were established for plasma BDNF concentrations: levels were lower in the mixed group compared to the vascular group (12,8 [12,0-13,6] vs 17,7 [15,1-18,7] pg/mL; median [Q25-Q75]). In the total cohort, concentrations of BDNF, ADMA, NR2-AT, and endothelin 1-21, as well as NE activity, were higher in the blood, whereas IL-6 concentrations were higher in the CSF. No correlation was found between the concentrations of the same biomarkers in blood and CSF. After excluding patients taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, those with a high probability of cognitive decline (Mini-Cog score <3) showed significantly higher IL-6 concentrations in the CSF. Following the Bonferroni correction, a significant inverse correlation was identified between CSF BDNF and blood IL-6 levels, which was observed both in the mixed group and in the total population. Conclusion . We evaluated the levels of BDNF, ADMA, NR2-AT, endothelin 1-21, IL-6, and NE activity in the blood and CSF of patients with HTN and MCI, and compared these levels with clinical-tomographic characteristics and the severity of cognitive deficit. The obtained data confirm the heterogeneity of the biomarker profile in cognitive impairment of various origins. The observed discordance in biomarker levels between peripheral blood and CSF indicates the limited informative value of isolated peripheral sample analysis for assessing cerebral processes. A combination of neurotrophic and inflammatory markers may serve as a basis for determining the nature of cognitive deficit in this category of patients.
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are widely used for the treatment of acid-related diseases and the prevention of medication-induced upper gastrointestinal tract injuries. The increasing number of patients with comorbidities and polypharmacy highlights the importance of an evidence-based approach to the selection of the drug, dosage, and duration of acid-suppressive therapy. This resolution presents the consensus positions of the expert council held on April 21, 2026, during the XXXIII Russian National Congress "Man and Medicine". The document reviews the efficacy and safety of PPIs, clinical features of pantoprazole, and principles for the prevention of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-associated gastropathy and gastrointestinal bleeding during antithrombotic therapy. Special attention is paid to Helicobacter pylori infection, preliminary assessment of the upper gastrointestinal tract, and the need for interdisciplinary gastroprotection algorithms. The rational use of proton pump inhibitors should be based on an individual assessment of indications, risk factors, comorbidities, and potential drug-drug interactions.
This review examines current concepts of brain aging as a complex, multifactorial process affecting the structural, functional, and molecular levels of nervous tissue. Particular attention is paid to age-related changes in neurons and synapses, impaired protein synthesis, the role of oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, as well as compensatory neurophysiological mechanisms that maintain cognitive functions despite involutional processes. The review discusses the impact of changes in neurotransmitter systems, reduced regenerative capacity of stem cells, and the contribution of lifestyle factors to the rate of aging. Following key pathogenetic mechanisms corresponding to modern "hallmarks of aging" are highlighted: genomic instability and DNA damage, epigenetic alterations, telomere attrition, impaired proteostasis and autophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence of neurons and glia, reduced regenerative potential of neural stem cells, as well as vascular and cardiac remodeling. It is shown that these processes form an interconnected cascade leading to cognitive decline and an increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding these processes opens perspectives for developing strategies for early diagnosis and comprehensive preventive interventions targeting both neurobiological and cardiovascular components of aging.
