The current research seeks to find an answer to the question of why the sense of belonging to a place has faded in rural settlements. The research method combines descriptive-analytical methods, field observations, and a questionnaire that also uses remote sensing techniques. For this purpose, 374 questionnaires in the studied area were distributed among the residents of the mountain villages of Rudbar, Siahkal, and Amlesh. Also, to back up the amount of physical changes that occurred in the studied period, the algorithm of Support Vector Machine (SVM) and several times of surveying to record sample and educational cases by GPS. In the following, the land use map in 5 classes was extracted from Landsat satellite images in 2000 and 2022. The results indicate visible changes, especially for the use of man-made structures, which is the result of the change of physical and architectural elements and, as a result, the reduction of place belonging among the residents of the studied villages. This is although the sense of physical belonging to the place of traditional settlements is more compared than new settlements. Finally, the lack of necessary infrastructure in moutainous villages and livelihood problems have caused events such as the sale of land, the migration of villagers, and the loss of the sense of belonging to a place
This paper investigates how energy price shocks are transmitted through energy consumption and fuel composition into carbon emissions, and how G7 carbon outcomes relate to global temperature dynamics, over the period 1991–2024. Using a balanced panel of 238 country-year observations for Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States, the analysis estimates a four-stage transmission chain: (i) energy price shocks to primary energy supply; (ii) energy price shocks to fossil fuel consumption; (iii) energy consumption composition to total emissions; and (iv) aggregate G7 emissions to global temperature anomaly. Country fixed-effects models with Driscoll–Kraay standard errors are used for the panel stages, while Newey–West autocorrelation- and heteroskedasticity-consistent standard errors are used for the aggregate climate-stage time-series models. The results indicate that Brent oil price shocks are positively associated with G7 primary energy supply and, more weakly, with fossil fuel consumption, whereas natural gas and coal price shocks show no robust direct effects in the baseline panel. The carbon channel is considerably stronger: fossil fuel consumption and coal consumption are robust positive drivers of emissions, while the renewable energy share significantly reduces emissions, particularly in the coal-channel and per-capita specifications. The aggregate climate stage shows that global temperature anomaly is highly persistent and trend-driven; once lagged temperature or a deterministic trend is included, contemporaneous G7 emissions lose explanatory power. The paper therefore frames its contribution as identifying a transmission mechanism – energy price shocks shape energy use, which in turn shapes emissions–rather than claiming a direct energy-price-to-temperature effect, and concludes that G7 decarbonisation, although necessary, is insufficient to explain global climate outcomes on its own.
This study investigated the molecular responses of Nicotiana benthamiana to combined heat stress and tobacco mosaic virus. Results indicated that the combined stresses were synergistic, leading to a 49.4% loss in plant height and 52.5% loss in leaf area. Transcriptome analysis of the plants indicated significant activation of the DNA repair pathways and the up-regulation of RAD51 and XRCC4 genes by 3.15- and 4.18-fold, respectively. Moreover, the convergence among promoters from genes responsive to combined stress was high, and the genes involved in DNA repair shared, on average, 4.5 regulatory elements. Confirmation of the results by Real-time PCR presented a high correlation (R² > 0.92) with the sequencing data. On the other hand, the data from the Comet assay confirmed more severe DNA damage under combined stress conditions. The study has shown that plants tackle combined stresses through integrated molecular mechanisms, whose understanding may be effective in developing varieties resistant to multiple stresses. Convergence at the promoter level and activation of the DNA repair system, among others, are some of the major strategies through which plants deal with such conditions.
The issue of bacterial resistance to antibiotics has created an urgent need for new therapeutic approaches. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of two natural compounds, carvacrol and curcumin, against clinically resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The research methodology included determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), investigation of membrane damage, and evaluation of the combined effect with conventional antibiotics using the checkerboard method and calculation of the FIC index. Quantitative results showed that carvacrol had stronger activity; its MIC for MRSA strains ranged from 62.5 to 125 μg mL-1 and its MBC/MIC ratio was 2 to 4, indicating a strong bactericidal effect. The compound also caused significant leakage of 260 nm adsorbents from the cells, confirming the membrane damage mechanism. In contrast, curcumin exhibited a higher MIC (250-500 μg mL-1 for MRSA) and an MBC/MIC ratio of ≥8, indicating a bacteriostatic agent. The most important finding was the high synergistic effect of carvacrol with vancomycin against MRSA, which was confirmed by an FIC of 0.375. An additive or partial synergistic effect was also observed between carvacrol and ciprofloxacin against Pseudomonas. In the serial passage test, carvacrol, despite its potent effect, showed a lower potential to induce resistance to some agents. In conclusion, carvacrol has promising therapeutic potential as an adjuvant or sensitizer against resistant pathogens due to its direct killing properties and ability to enhance the efficacy of conventional antibiotics. These findings provide a basis for further studies in the formulation and preclinical evaluation of this compound.
It is well established that adequate and proper sleep is essential for the health of children and adolescents. This study examined the effect of a 1.5–2-hour difference between administrative and natural time in Kazakhstan on adolescents (n = 120). In particular, adolescents in Atyrau, where administrative time is ahead of natural time, experienced chronic desynchronization. Consequently, this situation led to lowered sleep duration and quality, impaired cognitive performance, increased emotional instability, and compromised immune function. The predominance of “owl” and “dove” chronotypes among adolescents indicates a misalignment between their natural biological rhythms and school schedules. As a result, scores for memory, attention, and visual-motor reaction were below average. This decline in cognitive performance, particularly in the morning, negatively affected academic achievement. Notably, in the 9th grade, when classes started earlier, grades dropped across all subjects, demonstrating the direct impact of desynchrony on learning efficiency. Physiological compensatory responses were observed in the respiratory system, including increased vital capacity of lungs and related indicators, and the cardiovascular system was also investigated. Additionally, a marked rise in disease incidence was noted among girls. These findings suggest that prolonged desynchronization has a significant impact on adolescent health.
