黑线乌梢蛇(Zaocys nigromarginata)隶属游蛇科(Colubridae)乌梢蛇属,国内己知分布于西藏藏东南、云南、四川西南部、贵州西部,国外分布于印度、布丹、孟加拉国、缅甸、泰国和越南(赵尔宓2006,Vogel et al.2013).赵尔宓等(1998)记载曾于6月中旬采集的数条雌性黑线乌梢蛇中有一产卵22枚,卵径(42.5～56.2)mm×(17～21)mm.2019年6月23日于云南省丽江市玉龙纳西族自治县石鼓镇(26°50′32″N,99°54′22″E,海拔1 829 m)采集到1雌性怀卵黑线乌梢蛇(采集号:HSR19175),次日上午8时许,发现其产下9枚卵(图1a).将该蛇及卵带回实验室饲养和孵化.
Food caching is an effective survival strategy that animals have evolved to cope with unpredictable environmental changes.Cognition is a major area in ornithological research,with much work being done on avian cognition,particularly regarding food caching behavior.Although spatial cognition has received considerable attention,there has been a dearth of research on social cognition in current studies.Species that heavily rely on stored food during periods of scarcity,not only require well-developed spatial cognition to memorize the location of their caches but also need strong social cognition ability to handle interactions with potential pilferage.This article provides a comprehensive review of social cognition about avian food caching behavior,which focuses on two aspects:social relations cognition and social status cognition.Our review will highlight the social cognitive abilities of birds.
[Objectives]Microsatellite markers have been widely used in the research of conservation genetics of aquatic animals.However,there is no report on microsatellite loci of Gymnodiptychus pachycheilus.[Methods]From 2014 to 2022,a total of 2 G.pachycheilus populations(56 individuals)were collected from the main stream of the middle Yalong River and Weihe River.Illumina HiSeq sequencing was used to explore microsatellite markers from the genome of G.pachycheilus.Microsatellite loci were tested using 2 wild population samples'DNA of G.pachycheilus.Null alleles were tested using the software MICRO-CHECKER version 2.2.3,genetic diversity statistics were obtained using AUTOTET.Deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and linkage disequilibrium at each locus were calculated using GENEPOP 4.7.5,and significance values were adjusted after applying Bonferroni correction.Polymorphism information content(PIC)value was based on PIC_Calc0.6.[Results]567 200 microsatellite loci were identified from 85 905 individual sequence reads produced,and 15 primer pairs were designed and testified in the Yalong River Xinlong population and the Weihe River population.In the Xinlong population,the average numberof observed alleles per locus was 6.87(from 3 to 13),the average observed heterozygosities and PIC were 0.712 4 and 0.630 3 respectively,1 pair linkage disequilibrium was detected and eight loci showed significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium among the loci(Table 2).In the Weihe population,the average number of observed alleles per locus was 8.4(from 4 to 16),the average observed heterozygosities and PIC were 0.719 5 and 0.680 7 respectively,4 pairs linkage disequilibrium was detected and 7 loci showed significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium among the loci(Table 3).[Conclusion]These 15 high polymorphism microsatellite loci described for G.pachycheilus will be useful for future study on phylogeography and genetic diversity studies.
蓝额红尾鸲(Phoenicurus frontalis)隶属于雀形目(Passeriformes)鹟科(Muscicapidae),无亚种分化,国内已知分布于山东、陕西南部、内蒙古西部、宁夏、甘肃、西藏、青海南部和东部、云南、四川、重庆、贵州、湖北、湖南、浙江、广东(郑光美2017)、广西(周放2011,伊剑锋等2016)、江西永修(刘涛等2019)、台湾(台湾野鸟学会2020),香港亦有记录,但可能是笼养逃逸或人为放生种(香港观鸟会2020);国外分布于阿富汗西北部、巴基斯坦、克什米尔、尼泊尔、锡金、不丹等喜马拉雅山地区和印度阿萨姆邦,冬季见于缅甸北部(赵正阶2001)、老挝、泰国和越南,种群数量稳定(BirdLife International 2016).
Lycodon pictus was described from Cao Bang Province,Northern Vietnam by Janssen et al.2019.In 2020,it was confirmed to have a distribution in Nonggang National Nature Reserve,Longzhou County,Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,China,which is the first recorded from China.In September 2021,two snake specimens(one male and one female)of the genus Lycodon were collected in Libo County,Qiannan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture,Guizhou Province,China(25°14′3″ N,107°55′32″ E,altitude 530 m)during a field survey.Based on the morphological comparison and phylogenetic analyses,the collected specimens of the genus Lycodon were identified as L.pictus,which is a new record to Guizhou Province.The specimens were fixed in 10％formalin for one day,subsequently kept permanently in 75％ethanol,and deposited in Anhui Normal University Museum(ANUM).The fresh liver tissue was extracted and immediately preserved in 95％ethanol.31 sequences of 18 recognized species of genus Lycodon and 2 outgroups(Boiga cynodon,Dipsadoboa flavida)were downloaded from GenBank(Accession numbers listed in Fig.2).Uncorrected pairwise distances(p-distance)among closely related congeners were calculated in MEGA X software.Phylogenetic tree was constructed by maximum likelihood(ML)in RaxML 7.2.6 software.After external morphological(Fig.1)and morphometric measurements(Table 1)examination,the specimens from Libo County were similar to Lycodon pictus.Molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed that the uncorrected pairwise distances(p-distance)between the two collected specimens and L.pictus were from 0.3％to 0.8％(Table 2).The new distribution site of L.pictus in Libo,Guizhou,China is approximately 350 km away from the type locality in Vietnam.The new discovery in the present study expands the distribution area of L.pictus,and it also enriches the species diversity of the genus Lycodon in Guizhou Province.
