This article critically analyzes two decades of public policies against organized crime in Michoac & aacute;n (2002-2024), revealing their structural failure due to their reactive, fragmented nature and subordination to short-term political interests. Using a theoretical framework of hybrid governance-where state and criminal actors negotiate territorial control-the study integrates ethnographic methodology and interviews with officials, journalists. The findings highlight three phases: 1) Infiltration (2002-2008), marked by the co-optation of municipal governments; 2) Consolidation (2008-2018), where cartels penetrated legal economies (avocado, mining); and 3) Institutionalization (2018-2024), under the federal "hugs, not bullets" strategy, which normalized tacit agreements with criminal groups. The conclusions underscore the need for a security model that breaks from political expediency, combats systemic corruption, and rebuilds institutions from the local level. Michoac & aacute;n exemplifies how organized crime does not challenge the state but inhabits it, demanding strategies that prioritize social justice over precarious stability.
The objective of this work is to study the relationship between union density and the share of wages and salaries in national income, for a sample of 17 OECD countries over the period 20002019. To that end, a paneldata econometric model (PMGARDL) is developed, from which shortrun and longrun relationships are identified. The results show that the unionization rate had a positive and significant impact on the share of wages and salaries in national income. Additionally, evidence was found that minimum wages and working hours also have a positive impact, whereas inflation, tax collection, and productivity exert a negative effect. These findings confirm the relevance of trade unions as a redistributive mechanism in modern economies.
Working women face barriers in their daily lives that make achieving work-life balance, therefore experiencing consequences in other areas of their lives. This study analyses six dimensions: reward, work-life time interference, couple relationship and parenting, physical and mental health care, household responsibilities, and leisure time. Specifically, to analyse these variables in women's lives, a qualitative, descriptive, and cross-sectional study was conducted, involving 880 women between the ages of 18 and 60 who currently or previously worked in the State of Guanajuato in Mexico. This study concludes that optimal time management can mitigate these challenges; the key lies in sociocultural dynamics, adjustments in government regulations and organizational policies, plus the deconstruction of gender roles assigned to women.
This article examines the historical evolution of the tourist destination Mazatl & aacute;n, Mexico, through the lens of path dependence theory. The objective is to identify the decisions, events, and investments that have shaped its tourism development, as well as the institutional lock-ins and opportunities for future transformation. A qualitative approach is adopted based on a historical-documentary case study, which allows the identification of four evolutionary phases: preformation, creation, development, and dynamic trajectory. The findings show that although Mazatl & aacute;n has demonstrated territorial plasticity such as domestic market diversification and real estate growth structural barriers related to insecurity, urban decay, and fragmented governance persist. The study concludes that overcoming negative path dependence requires comprehensive planning, diversification, and tourism innovation strategies, along with the strengthening of local governance mechanisms oriented toward sustainable and resilient development.
MFIs are institutions that offer financial products and services to a group of the population that has incomes lower than those normally required by traditional banking. The objective of this research is to evaluate the level of efficiency of micro financial institutions in Mexico, to determine which of them are the most efficient and to identify if there is any effect on the result, depending on the corporate purpose of the institution; as well as, determine if there is any modification in the efficiency ranking, when considering, as a variable, the financial income from the loans granted. The methodology used in this work is data envelopment analysis (DEA), both CCR and VRS methodology. Under the limitation that the data used is from the year 2020. The microfinance company named CAME obtained the highest level of efficiency, this institution being a public limited company with variable capital
