ABSTRACT In the restructured power system under deregulation, proper pricing of electricity has emerged as a key issue. The cost of transmission and distribution activities needs to be allocated to the users of these networks. Among others, power losses are one of the costs to be allocated. The main difficulty faced in allocating losses is the nonlinearity between the losses and delivered power which complicates the impact of each user on network losses. The purpose of this article is to review the various loss allocation schemes as applicable to the distribution systems. These schemes have been compared considering a simple radial distribution system. Since cogeneration and distributed generation (DG) plants often generate power for on-site consumption, and a fraction of the output is for export to the grid, developers of cogeneration and DG with substantial on-site consumption can realize significant savings in transmission and distribution losses. Thus, the schemes discussed herein can help a cogeneration or DG developer estimate such distributed-loss cost savings.
ABSTRACT In this article, energy and exergy analysis of an ongoing, 44-MW, heat-matched, bagasse-based cogeneration plant of Ugar Sugar Works Ltd (USWL), located in Belgaum, India is presented. In the analysis, exergy methods with more conventional energy analysis are employed to assess the thermodynamic efficiencies and losses. The performance of the plant was estimated, and a detailed break up of energy and exergy losses for the considered plant has been presented. The fuel energy savings ratio of the cogeneration plant is estimated in comparison with separate generation plants. The plant performs with energy and exergetic efficiency of 65% and 25%, respectively. Energy losses mainly occurred in the boiler exhaust and condenser, where 35 MW and 27 MW is lost to environment, respectively. The percentage ratio of the exergy destruction to total exergy destruction was found to be maximum in the boiler system (71%) of fuel exergy input or 45% of the physical exergy input. The total exergy destruction in the plant's components is 58% of physical energy input. The plant's fuel energy savings ratio is 8.2%. Because of its inherent combustion irresistibility, the boiler is the major contributor to the plant's overall inefficiency. The inefficiencies in bagasse-fired boilers can be reduced to some extent by increasing the pre-heated, excess air supply and generating steam at possible high pressure and temperature. In terms of technology development, only cogeneration plants with exergetic efficiency close to that of overall efficiency of the conventional power plant be suggested
The sugar industry is attaining new dimensions in the fast chang-ing world. It is poised to play a much higher and wider role. Per-formance and productivity of the sugar industry plays a vital role inattaining new dimensions. To be productive, sugar companies have towork as sugar complexes, producing sugar, ethanol, power and otherbyproducts. Cogeneration of power in the sugar industry is an importantsource of revenue. The conditions in India demand sugar industries togenerate and sell the electricity. This has created a new surge of interestamong the sugar mills for surplus power generation during the crushingseason using bagasse. This is possible and achievable only if the steamgeneration in the plant is increased and also the power and steam re-quirements of the plant are reduced. The study is aimed to relate variousparameters of bagasse, cane crushed to steam generation. Single factoranalysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to establish the significance ofeach parameter. Regression analysis is carried to establish the relationbetween parameters. The article arrives at a multiple regression equationrelating the steam generated as a function of its associated parametersviz. cane crushed, bagasse % of cane, moisture % of bagasse, pol % ofbagasse.
Full realization of the potential of converting landfill gas (LFG)and farm manure to biogas and LFG could, together, significantlysupplement our national supply of natural gas. Another advantage ofthese sources is that they tend to be located near end users and maybe considered analogous in some respects to distributed generationbecause the gas they provide does not have to be transported longdistances. There are many ways to generate electricity and few waysto produce biogas. Unfortunately, factors such as constantly changingnatural gas prices, the relatively small size of individual projects froma financing prospective, the fact that historic technology for convertinganimal waste did not always perform properly and the “comfort level”of gas sellers in remaining with existing natural gas supplies have seri-ously hindered the development of these sources. Federal and state taxbenefits and incentive programs (such as the federal stimulus) offer thepromise of increased development of these important domestic energyresources and available technology provides the possibility of realizingthese domestic energy resources and contributing to gas price stabilityand domestic energy security.
