Among the diseases affecting lettuce and watercress, those caused by root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are responsible for the poor vegetative development of these plants. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of two isolates of nematode-predatory fungi from the genus Arthrobotrys, obtained from Cerrado soil in Bahia, applied individually or in combination, in the control of root-knot nematodes in lettuce and watercress.The two fungal isolates were propagated on Petri dishes containing CMA medium and incubated at 25°C in a BOD-type growth chamber for 10 days. Inside a laminar flow chamber, the plates were opened and, using a cork borer, 150 fungal-colonized discs were obtained. These discs were then placed into a plastic bag containing approximately 1000 g of commercial vermiculite substrate and maintained at room temperature for 7 days. After this period, the substrate colonized by the nematode-predatory fungi was placed in seedling trays (tube-type cells), and lettuce and watercress were sown. Fifteen days after sowing, seedlings were transplanted into plastic bags containing a sterilized substrate composed of a mixture of soil, cattle manure, and sand in a 2:1:1 ratio.Fifteen days after transplanting, the substrates were inoculated with 3000 Meloidogyne incognita eggs by making two holes next to each seedling and applying the eggs with the aid of an automatic pipette. Thirty-five days after nematode inoculation, the number of galls and eggs in the root system of lettuce and watercress was evaluated, along with plant height and shoot dry weight. Both fungal isolates significantly reduced root-knot nematode parasitism in lettuce and watercress.
Seed size and sowing depth directly influence the initial development of peanut plants (Arachis hypogaea L.). This study aimed to evaluate the influence of seed size and sowing depth on the initial development of peanuts. The experimental design was in a 2x5 factorial scheme, with the first factor consisting of small seeds weighing between 170 and 485 mg and large seeds weighing between 486 and 800 mg, interacting with five depths: one, two, four, eight and 12 cm, totaling 10 treatments and four replicates, totaling 40 plots or pots. The seed weighing between 486 and 800 mg showed the best initial development of the peanut crop. The peanut showed best development when sown at a depth of between 5.0 and 6.0 cm. Sowing above 12 cm negatively interferes with the initial development regardless of the seed size in the peanut crop.
With each passing year, studies on annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) have increased, due to its great importance and contribution to the crop-livestock integration system in temperate climate areas. Given the above, this literature review aims to describe, highlight and evaluate the production of forage and seeds, regrowth capacity and standardization of tillers in annual ryegrass, the importance of defoliation and nitrogen fertilization. We can conclude from this review that ryegrass is a forage that presents a series of difficulties for its production, but it is an excellent pasture alternative during the cold months in the south of the country, due to its adaptability to the temperature during the winter and its tolerance to animal trampling with greater intensity in relation to other forage species.
This study aims to evaluate chemical and biological management alternatives to enhance the grain yield of wheat crops, based on the evaluation of the crop's productivity components. The experiment was conducted in 2022, under field conditions, at Escola Fazenda of UNIJUÍ (Regional University of Northwestern Rio Grande do Sul), located in the municipality of Augusto Pestana, Brazil. The experimental design used was randomized blocks with an 8 x 9 factorial scheme, with eight wheat cultivars (TBIO Audaz, TBIO Ponteiro, TBIO Trunfo, TBIO Toruk, TBIO Astro, ORS Madrepérola, ORS Agile and BRS Belajoia) and nine management protocols, arranged in two repetitions. At full physiological maturity, the following agronomic traits were measured: number of grains on the cob; cob grain weight; thousand grain weight; and grain yield. Analysis of variance took place to detect the effects of cultivar, management protocols and their interaction on the analyzed variables. The Duncan test was used to compare treatment means, at 5% probability. The use of BOMBARDEIRO as a reinforcement to the chemical fungicide promoted an increase in the thousand grain weight. The highest values for grain yield were obtained with the protocols BIOASIS+BIOEQUILÍBRIO+BIOFREE, BIOTRIO and ORKESTRA SC, for the genotypes TBIO Toruk, TBIO Ponteiro and TBIO Trunfo. The use of biological management in wheat crops enhances nutrient absorption and acts synergistically with chemical fungicides, contributing to increased productivity and sustainable management.
Plants of the genus Urochloa are adopted as cover crops, and desiccation is essential for implementing subsequent crops. Here, we evaluated the desiccation of Urochloa brizantha BRS “Piatã” using glyphosate associated with different protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors (PROTOX). The treatments were arranged in a factorial scheme (2x5+1), consisting of two glyphosate doses of 900 and 1800 g a.e. ha-1 (D1 and D2), associated or not with carfentrazone-ethyl (20 g a.i. ha-1), flumioxazin (20 g a.i. ha-1), saflufenacil (35 g a.i. ha-1), and tiafenacil (70 g a.i. ha-1), in addition to the control treatment (without herbicides). The study was conducted in Alvorada do Sul (ALV) and Londrina (LDN), both in Paraná state, Brazil. Seven days after application (DAA), the chlorophyll index was measured. The percentage of tissue injury was assessed by the visual scale (0-100) at 7, 14, 21, and 28 DAA. At the end of the experiment, the fresh and dry shoot mass and the percentage of water (%H2O) in the tissue were measured. For the experiment in ALV, glyphosate D2 + flumioxazin reached 68.7% of injury. The percentage was reduced in all treatments in relation to the control, with D2 providing the greatest reduction. On the other hand, in LDN, no difference was observed between treatments with or without PROTOX-inhibitors. The percentage confirmed the result obtained by the visual scale, in which glyphosate at D2 resulted in an average of 90.5% control at 28 DAA, 9.5% greater than D1. In both experiments, the mixture of glyphosate and flumioxazin deserves to be highlighted as it accelerated the kinetics of plant mortality. D2 was more effective in controlling the plants (on average 8.5% greater than D1).
