Apogonia Kirby, 1819 is the most species rich genus of the melolonthine tribe Diplotaxini (Scarabaeidae, Melolonthinae). The Indian fauna of Apogonia is known quite insufficiently. Although there were several tens of described species from India, most of them are known only according to the original historic description with no associated figures. Thus, a modern taxonomic treatment of the group is very much required. In the present paper, lectotypes were designated for the type species of the genus, Apogonia gemellata Kirby, 1819, as well as for Apogonia ferruginea (Fabricius, 1781) and A. rauca (Fabricius, 1781). Apogonia gemellata is removed from the synonymy with A. rauca and the geographical range of both species is discussed. Apogonia uniformis Blanchard, 1851 is removed from the synonymy with A. ferruginea and restored as a valid species. Apogonia sequens Frey, 1975 was found to be a junior synonym of A. ferruginea. Four new species are described from India: A. daksina sp. nov. (Kerala), A. dindigul sp. nov. (Tamil Nadu), A. inaequalis sp. nov. (Mizoram) and A. meghalayaensis sp. nov. (Meghalaya). New distribution data for already described species and a checklist of Apogonia species recorded from India are given.
Based on key diagnostic characteristics including the mesopleuron, propodeum, petiole and hind-wing venation, six new species of nov., S. rugilongus Li & Ma, sp. nov., S. sulcipervius Li & Ma, sp. nov. and S. tibisulcatus Li & Ma, sp. nov. Detailed descriptions, diagnoses and photographs of diagnostic characteristics are provided for these new species. Additionally, we provide an updated and illustrated identification key to the known Stigmus species in China, along with a checklist. Our contribution provides a comprehensive understanding of the taxonomic diversity of the genus.
The Afrotropical species of Ernoporini are revised based on morphological and molecular data. Three genera are present: Ernoporus Thompson, 1859, Eidophelus Eichhoff, 1875, and Proternoporus Jordal, gen. nov. to accommodate Proternoporus dimorphus Jordal, sp. nov. from Madagascar, and Proternoporus devius (Schedl, 1975), comb. nov., from Republic of South Africa. Altogether, 26 species of Ernoporini are currently valid after the synonyms proposed for Eidophelus grobleri (Schedl, 1962) (=Cryphalomorphus apinov.). Eidophelus similaris (Schedl, 1965), comb. ressurr. is removed from its previous synonymy with Eidophelus onyanganus (Schedl, 1941). An illustrated key to all Afrotropical species is included. Molecular data from four gene fragments combined, and a larger pantropical data set for 28S, strongly support a monophyletic Eidophelus, and a separate standing of Proternoporus from Ernoporus and Eidophelus. The largest clade of Afrotropical species of Eidophelus are relatively young (early Miocene) compared to the ancestor for the genus (late Cretaceous). Reconstruction of ancestral areas in a Bayesian framework indicated an origin of Afrotropical lineages from the eastern Palearctic region (multigene, smaller taxon set), or from the Australasian region (28S, larger taxon set). An eastern origin was also supported by a late colonization of Africa from Madagascar and nearby islands in the Indian Ocean.
The subgenus Anthophora (Caranthophora) Brooks, 1988 is a small lineage of Anthophora Latreille, 1803 bees, but despite its small size several problems and a lack of clarity exist. Based on revision of type and non-type material, several advances in understanding can be made, producing a final total of six species. Anthophora (Caranthophora) iole Bingham, 1898 (described from northern India) is found to have a range extending through southern Iran into Oman and the United Arab Emirates, and the mysterious taxon Anthophora albopicta Cockerell, 1917, syn. nov . is synonymised under it. A neotype is designated for Anthophora (Caranthophora) tarsalis Priesner, 1957 which is recognised as a member of subgenus Caranthophora and not subgenus Heliophila Klug, 1807, and Anthophora spinacoxa Brooks, 1988, syn. nov . is synonymised under it. Anthophora (Caranthophora) calcarispina sp. nov . is described from the Ethiopian highlands. This extends the range of this subgenus into the Afrotropical region from its previous strictly Palaearctic distribution, again highlighting Ethiopia as hosting a unique bee fauna containing elements from both biogeographical regions.
Nine new species of Habronychus (Habronychus) Wittmer, 1981 are described, viz. H. (H.) divergens sp. nov ., H. (H.) nigricollis sp. nov ., H. (H.) taizhouensis sp. nov ., H. (H.) profundifissus sp. nov ., H. (H.) laticornis sp. nov ., H. (H.) nigripennis sp. nov ., H. (H.) bilineatus sp. nov ., H. (H.) rufolineatus sp. nov ., and H. (H.) hainanensis sp. nov . Habronychus (H.) szechwanus Wittmer, 1988 is redescribed. The habitus, aedeagus, female abdominal sternite VIII, and internal genitalia of these species are illustrated. A worldwide key to the subgenus is updated.
