Introduction. Modern financial theory still wonders the degree of behavioral factors influence on the financial assets pricing. We assume that it necessary to consider this problem within the framework of historical and economic science, since exchange prices are widely used in modern research as a historical source. Turning to the materials of professional stock exchange journalism, in this article we sought to determine how market participants described the pricing mechanism and how their market behavior were built in accordance with these analytical settings. Materials and Methods. We chose the book “Political, economic and financial issues of recent times” as our main source. That work includes analytical articles by I. P. Manus (1860–1918), a well-known stock speculator who made a millionth fortune on the Saint Petersburg Stock Exchange. Results. I. P. Manus’s articles demonstrate how the practice of economic analysis of financial markets combines a rational assessment of the financial results with taking into account “inefficient”, speculative price factors. In our source we trace the idea of uncertainty that cannot be overcome by formal analysis methods. All of that actualizes the need to use the methodology of behavioral finance when working with financial history materials. Discussion and Conclusion. We believe that it is not entirely correct for our material to draw a rigid methodological boundary between “behavioral” and “rational”. If we use the terminology of social history, it is much more effective to consider these concepts in their complex interaction, which forms a special “frame” of financial practice of the early 20th century.
Introduction. The subject of the study is the issue of financing education during the first five-year plan. The practical needs of the Votsk Autonomous Region predetermined the specifics of financing and an integrated approach to solving the problems of literacy elimination, implementation of preschool, primary, seven-year and vocational education, as well as the maintenance and building of educational institutions. Materials and Methods. The research is based on unpublished documents from the funds of the regional and city archives. The article used a combination of general scientific and special historical methods. Results. During the implementation of the first five-year plan, funds from the local budget were allocated for the development of primary education, which also practically provided for the maintenance and construction of educational institutions, the supply of educational and economic needs, and the payment of wages. Expenses for advanced education and institutions for the elimination of illiteracy were mainly planned at the expense of the state budget. Discussion and Conclusion. The shortage of educational institutions created difficulties in solving the tasks of raising the cultural level of the population, training industrial personnel. The financial deficit of the local budget was covered by state budget, primarily in the field of vocational education, which made it possible to more effectively solve the issues of construction and maintenance of educational institutions.
Introduction. The article examines the transformation of the agricultural industry in Russia during the transition to a market economy. The essence of the reforms consisted in a comprehensive change in the entire system of agrarian relations, including land ownership and other means of production, systems of farming and economic management, the transformation of the intersectoral and territorial structure of agro-industrial production, etc. Results and Discussion. In order to form a new organizational and economic structure of the agricultural sector, at the end of 1991, the Government of the Russian Federation adopted regulations on the reorganization of collective farms and state farms and the procedure for the privatization of state agricultural enterprises. It was assumed that the arrays would be gradually withdrawn from collective and state farm land use in order to provide them to farmers without upper restrictions on the size of allotments. By 1994, more than half of agricultural enterprises in Russia had chosen new organizational and legal forms of management, and preference was given to various types of partnerships. In Mordovia most enterprises in the agricultural sector have retained their former status as a collective farm or state farm. The course of the ongoing reforms was accompanied by a decline in production, a decrease in livestock, the cost of agricultural products, sharp deterioration in the financial condition of agricultural enterprises. Even in these difficult years, when reforms were carried out inconsistently, and sometimes some attitudes contradicted others, part of the farms of Mordovia worked relatively steadily, made a profit, regularly paid salaries to employees, had a good profitability indicator. Conclusion. As a result of the reorganization of collective agricultural enterprises, a significant step was taken towards the creation of a multi-layered agrarian economy based on equality of all forms of ownership and methods of land management. However, this did not bring tangible positive results in increasing the efficiency of agricultural production in the 1990s.
Introduction. The economic development of the Russian Empire stimulated the formation of the forest industry in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. In the Northern Urals, the undeveloped forests of the Nikolae-Pavda Mining District were the basis for the emergence of one of the new and large centers of the industry in the country. In the mid-1910s, a detailed study of forests was carried out here with the aim of their industrial development. Materials and Methods. The topic of forest economic research in the late 19th – early 20th centuries in Russia has not been studied enough. Analysis of archival materials on the activities of the company – Joint-Stock Company of the Nikolae-Pavda Mining District from the standpoint of the concept of “frontier” modernization will allow us to understand the idea and results of industrial development of forests in the east of the country. Results. Timber industry has become a priority for the Joint-Stock Company of the Nikolae-Pavda Mining District, sawmills and a paper mill have been built. The tasks of a detailed study of forests and the development of integrated forest management were set. The implemented forest management testified to the plans of the Board of the Company to use forests on the basis of the principles of continuity and inexhaustibility. In practice, it was difficult to comply with them, since the enterprises were already functioning. Conclusions. At the beginning of the 20th century, a large timber industry was formed in the Northern Urals, which included mechanical processing and deep processing of wood. Despite the incompleteness of forest management works, the desire of the Board of the Joint-Stock Company of the Nikolae-Pavda Mining District to achieve integrated use of forests in a relatively short time is obvious.
Introduction. The article is devoted to the beginning of the peasants’ struggle for land in the conditions after the February revolution of 1917. Materials and Methods. The research uses materials from the Central State Archive of the Republic of Mordovia. In the work on this study, a problem-chronological method was used, as well as a micro-historical approach to consider all-Russian events at the county level. Results. The main content of the study is the beginning of the unfolding of the struggle of peasants with landlords for land. The peasantry, constrained by small land, by appealing to the authorities through writing sentences, seeks to pay attention to this and resolve the land issue in their favor. No less important problems of Krasnoslobodsk peasants were the lack of meadows for feeding and walking livestock, as well as numerous penalties imposed on them by landlords. These legal forms of struggle for the possession of land go in parallel with the pogroms of landlords’ estates and the removal of property and fodder from them. It is also worth noting the growing tension between local peasants and tenants from other settlements, to whom landlords leased their arable land and meadows. Discussion and Conclusion. The study confirmed that the local peasantry is an active participant in solving the agrarian issue “from below”, and its opponents in the form of various kinds of landowners are beginning to give up their positions. At the same time, the parties are trying to appeal to the local authorities, who, basically, are trying to take the position of an outside observer, without seriously interfering in the unfolding agrarian struggle.
