Why do technology-specific changes in renewable output produce different emissions and economic outcomes across economies? This paper examines this question using a technology-disaggregated GTAP-E-Power model covering eight regions and twenty-two sectors, complemented by panel evidence from 56 countries over 2000–2023 and machine-learning robustness analysis. The structural experiments impose region-specific counterfactual output changes separately for solarP, windBL, and otherBL zero-emission generation across all eight regions. Under the SolarP experiment, production-based emissions associated with the modeled activity increase by 39.39% in the United States but decline by 32.04% in India, reflecting input and cross-technology reallocation toward emissions-generating production in the United States, in contrast to broader production contraction in India. Trade further transmits these adjustments through relative prices and export flows, generating heterogeneous welfare effects. Complementing these structural results, panel estimates associate a 1% increase in renewable energy consumption with an average 0.30% reduction in emissions, while income-group estimates reveal substantial heterogeneity. Taken together, the results show that the average negative renewable–emissions relationship does not imply uniform technology-specific outcomes. Regional production, substitution, and trade structures determine how renewable-output changes are transmitted into emissions and welfare.
The value of a statistical life (VSL) is the standard metric for valuing mortality risk reductions in benefit-cost analysis, yet VSL estimates vary widely across studies and countries. Income-adjusted international benchmarks may not reflect Korean risk perceptions and social context, while domestic studies since the late 1990s yield a wide range of estimates with no consensus on a representative value. This paper conducts a meta-regression analysis of 73 VSL estimates from 21 Korean studies (1997–2023), adjusted to a common 2020 price base; because the sole revealed-preference risk category cannot be separated from a single averting-behaviour study, the regression is estimated on the 60 stated-preference estimates and revealed-preference evidence is reported descriptively. Risk type is the dominant source of heterogeneity, and choice experiments yield significantly lower estimates than contingent valuation once risk type is held constant—a reversal, not a disappearance, of the raw method comparison. A negative time trend across all specifications suggests that maturing survey methods have reduced hypothetical bias over time. The evidence supports a domestic benchmark of approximately 1,000 to 1,400 million Korean won (2020 prices)—substantially below income-adjusted international values—pointing to the value of grounding benefit-cost analyses of Korean environmental and safety regulations in domestic evidence on mortality risk valuation.
Collective action problems arise when individuals pursue private gains at the expense of shared welfare. While team-building promotes cooperation in public goods settings, its efficacy in public bad environments—where cooperation requires restraint—remains underexplored. This study investigates how the medium of interaction impacts the formation of team identity and subsequent restraint. In a controlled laboratory experiment, 120 university students repeatedly made investment decisions in a public bad game. To isolate the causal effect of communication channels, participants were randomly assigned to one of three pre-task treatments: individual activity (baseline), online team-building, or face-to-face team-building via a collaborative puzzle task. Analysis using a mixed-effects model reveals that face-to-face team-building significantly reduced investment in the public bad game, yielding sustained cooperation over time. In contrast, online team-building produced only modest and temporary effects. Furthermore, participants adjusted their behavior based on the relative peer positioning rather than group averages, highlighting the critical role of localized social comparison. Finally, prosocial orientation, female gender, and regular religious engagement were found to be associated with stronger cooperative tendencies. These findings provide foundational causal evidence on how interaction mediums shape collective restraint, offering suggestive baseline insights for designing real-world interventions to mitigate negative externalities.
Environmental taxes are often evaluated by their long-run incentives, although green investment reduces emissions only after implementation is completed. This paper examines how implementation lags affect an adaptive emissions-intensity tax in a dynamic monopoly model. A reduced-form extension distinguishes regulatory updating, investment-expenditure adjustment, and physical implementation. The implementation lag leaves the steady state unchanged but can undermine its stability. We derive stability conditions and characterize the critical implementation delays. Numerical illustrations show that delay tolerance depends jointly on tax and investment responsiveness. For the initial histories considered, delays below the instability threshold reduce discounted transitional welfare relative to immediate implementation, even though trajectories still converge to the same steady state. The results highlight the need to align regulatory responsiveness with investment adjustment and implementation capacity.
This paper examines how landfill-tax intensity is associated with the allocation of municipal waste across treatment routes in Europe. We combine official waste statistics with nationally comparable landfill-tax rates for 21 European countries over 2004–2023. The tax-rate series is obtained from official policy sources and is expressed in constant 2023 euros per tonne. Country and year fixed-effects estimates show that a EUR 10 increase in the real landfill-tax rate is associated with a 3.7 percentage point reduction in the landfill share and a 3.9 percentage point increase in the incineration share. The corresponding estimates for total recycling and material recycling are small and statistically insignificant. The landfill coefficient remains negative and the incineration coefficient remains positive when the models include country-specific trends, a broader national-rate series, controls for complementary waste policies, and distributed lags. Conventional country-clustered inference is stronger than wild-cluster-bootstrap inference, and the quantity results are more sensitive to specification. The evidence therefore supports a distinction between diversion from landfill and movement toward material recovery. Landfill taxation is associated with lower landfill dependence, but the most stable offsetting margin is incineration rather than recycling.
