Despite growing scholarly interest in and the importance of green brand equity (GBE), systematic literature reviews that integrate performance analysis with framework-based content analysis remain scarce. This study conducts a systematic literature review of GBE using a two-layer analytical approach, supported by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) for transparent review reporting, Theory–Context–Characteristics–Method (TCCM) for outcome-oriented content analysis and future research development, and Planning, Operationalizing, Writing, Embedding, and Reflecting (POWER) as a complementary quality-oriented framework. The first layer employs performance analysis of 490 Scopus-indexed documents, while the second layer performs an in-depth TCCM-based content analysis of 90 articles published in A* and A-ranked journals according to the ABDC 2022 Journal Quality List. The performance analysis reveals the field’s growth trajectory, and four key themes are identified through bibliographic coupling. The analysis identifies 23 theoretical lenses, with signalling theory, the stimulus–organism–response framework and stakeholder theory being the most prominent. GBE research is geographically concentrated in Asia, particularly China and India, while South America and Africa remain underrepresented. GBE research primarily focuses on hospitality/tourism, retail/FMCG and electronics sectors. Quantitative methods dominate the field, whereas multi-criteria decision-making, qualitative and mixed methods are less frequently applied. This study identifies theoretical and methodological gaps and proposes future research directions based on the TCCM framework. It may also be among the first to systematically integrate performance analysis with the TCCM and POWER frameworks in the GBE domain, offering a structured foundation for advancing future research.
Knowledge-sharing research generally treats sharing as beneficial and withholding as a problem in organizational settings. This article challenges this distinction by examining the strategic, psychological and organizational conditions under which individuals choose not to share their knowledge. We conceptualize knowledge non-sharing as a context-dependent behaviour, drawing on conservation of resources, psychological ownership, social identity and self-determination theory to explain why individuals may choose to withhold knowledge. A stakeholder perspective reveals that the consequences of non-sharing are not uniform: protecting knowledge may benefit one actor while imposing costs on another. Our analysis reconceptualizes knowledge non-sharing as a strategic action and reveals tensions among stakeholder interests. It also suggests a need for research that considers how non-sharing develops across levels, over time and in different contexts. For leaders and decision-makers, this means understanding that knowledge sharing is not always the right answer. Effective governance also has to consider when knowledge has to be protected and whose interests are at stake.
Cannabis legalization and regulation remain one of the most debated issues in modern society. This is mainly because these issues influence social welfare across different countries and regions. This article explores why legalizing cannabis does not always lead to higher social welfare, especially when legalizing it does not fully stop illegal market operations. The analysis focuses mainly on three regulatory situations: complete prohibition, well-regulated legalization with no competition from the illegal market and poorly implemented regulation where the illegal and legal markets coexist. Evidence from the literature and theoretical models suggests that the best societal welfare outcomes occur when governments apply appropriate Pigouvian taxes. This ensures that cannabis users bear the social costs associated with consumption. In theory, this type of regulation improves social welfare by reducing negative externalities. These expected benefits are not always achieved, or rather are weakened, by the continued existence of the illicit markets. Two of the major factors that contribute to the continued existence of these markets are high taxes and strict regulations. These factors usually encourage consumers to buy from untaxed illegal markets, allowing them to remain operational and competitive. As a result, the government incurs higher enforcement costs, economic inefficiencies and reduced social welfare. The findings also show that while regulation can improve social welfare and safety, its success depends on how well it is executed and implemented. Overall, this research sheds light on the dynamics of supply and demand in regulated and unregulated markets, and the complex social welfare considerations that governments must take into account in regulating the cannabis market effectively.
This study examines the impact of enterprise risk management (ERM) determinants on firm performance in the Indian insurance industry. Specifically, the research investigates how corporate governance mechanisms, namely the board of directors, audit committee and risk management committees influence key performance indicators such as return on equity, solvency ratio, expense ratio and combined ratio. Using panel data from life and non-life insurance companies covering the period 2016–2017 to 2020–2021, the study employs a two-stage regression model. In the first stage, ERM determinants are used to construct an ERM score that captures the extent of ERM implementation. In the second stage, the relationship between ERM determinants, ERM score and firm performance is analysed. The results indicate that governance structures play an important role in strengthening ERM practices and improving performance outcomes. In particular, board characteristics and independent director representation are associated with improvements in return on equity and expense management, while audit and risk management committees contribute to solvency and operational efficiency. The findings provide important insights for regulators and practitioners in strengthening governance mechanisms and advancing ERM adoption in the Indian insurance sector.
The aim of this work is to ascertain how the digital divide interferes with the value creation process of firms. The main source of value is the customer, and therefore, both the terms digital divide and customer are analysed through the assumption that firms can create value by focusing on their customers. To achieve this objective, a bibliometric analysis of the current literature is proposed. This bibliometric analysis follows SPAR-4-SLR and PRISMA 2020 guidelines for rigour and transparency and uses POWER to structure the review and derive an actionable future research agenda. A total of 487 papers from the Web of Science database, published between 2001 and 2024, were analysed. The SciMAT software was employed to identify the relevant themes and their evolution arising from the association of the digital divide and customers. The results underscore the importance of health services in the development of knowledge and highlight how digital literacy remains a salient topic for exploration in marketing strategy. Moreover, the digital divide is presented as an opportunity both to serve new markets and to provide value for firms and society.
