In this review we discuss the effects of exercise on systemic inflammation. The influence of moderate continuous training on humoral immunity and cellular immunity is separately considered. Recent data on the molecular mechanisms of this influence, such as myokines secreted by skeletal muscles and adipokines secreted by adipocytes, are discussed. Clinical data are provided on the effect of moderate physical activity on common diseases — cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, Alzheimer’s disease and others.
Behavioral data (correct response latency and errors number increase) indicate a significant decrease in the task performance efficiency in patients with the first episode of schizophrenia, compared to the norm. At the same time the SNP 1, 2, 3 amplitudes were found to enhance in the patients group, compared to the norm, which may reflect a compensatory activation of predictive attention and inhibition cortical networks for increase the response efficiency. Intergroup differences in the topography of the SNP1 and SNP2 peaks amplitude suggest “disorganization” of the left hemisphere cognitive control cortical networks at the early stage of schizophrenia. It is assumed that the SNP 1, 2, 3 components can be considered as potentially significant clinically markers of cognitive control disorders in schizophrenia.
Prenosological diagnosis as a new concept originated in space medicine. Roman Baevsky was one of the founders. The concept suggests assessing health quality rather than diagnosing disorders and recognizes four adaptation states: satisfactory adaptation, strained adaptation mechanisms, unsatisfactory adaptation, and adaptation failure. Mass prenosological examinations of more than 25 thousand people in the period between 1975 and 2005 showed a high efficiency of the approach in assessing both personal and population health states. It was found that approximately 20–30
Schizophrenia is characterized by a wide range of symptoms that also manifest themselves in other disorders, which served as the basis for the emergence of ideas about schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Studies indicate inconsistency of data on the characteristics of visual contrast sensitivity in schizophrenia and schizotypal disorder, which is part of the structure of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The study involved 30 patients diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia, 18 patients with schizotypal disorder, and 30 people without psychopathology and neurological diseases. Contrast sensitivity was recorded when presenting Gabor elements with a spatial frequency from 0.4 to 10 cycles/deg, using the adaptive staircase procedure. Contrast sensitivity in both the schizophrenia group and the schizotypal disorder group was lower in the area of high spatial frequencies, compared to the conditionally healthy control. Thus, the identified disorders are common to both schizophrenia and schizotypal disorder. The obtained data are considered as evidence of a special nature of the discordance in the interaction of the magnocellular and parvocellular channels of the visual system with a shift towards the dominance of the magnocellular system.
Cardiovascular diseases are commonly associated with disturbances in parasympathetic heart rhythm control; therefore, the development of new methods for assessing vagal cardiotropic effects is an important biomedical task. The purpose of this research was to study the synchronization of respiration-related oscillations of mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) depending on the duration of the expiration phase, during which cardiac vagal effects increase. The study involving nine young men included a passive head-up test performed at a fixed respiratory rate of 0.2 Hz (12 cycles/min) and different ratios of inspiration and expiration phase durations (30/70 and 70/30
