The determination of the relationship between the systemic mechanisms of constructing the functional sequence of urine formation, transport, and evacuation in young people with different urination rhythms is relevant and reflects the unifying effect of multilevel hierarchically organized management of the accumulation and evacuation function of the bladder. At the same time, in the vast majority of works on the characteristics of individual health, the general orientation of the functional dynamics of the body is presented with strict established standards for individual physiological systems, at the same time, information about their quantitative ratios is clearly insufficient. In report 1, based on the results of ongoing preventive examinations and recommendations of the International Continence Society (ICS), three groups of young men were identified, i.e., with normal, borderline, and rapid urodynamic rhythm. In continuation of the ongoing studies, positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography (PET/CT) of the whole body with capture of projections of the brain, kidneys, upper and lower urinary tract was performed on a Biograph device (Siemens, Germany) according to the proposed standards in different functional phases of bladder (filling, urination, and after emptying). The bladder volume was monitored according to the results of ultrasound examination (Toshiba-Xario SSA-600A, Japan) transabdominally using a convex sensor with a frequency of 3.5–4 Hz. Additionally, to assess the adaptive potential of the body, a daily computer cardiointervalography (Inkart, Russia) was performed comparing the results with indicators of the bladder’s cumulative and evacuation functions. The results of the study were analyzed based on the principles of hierarchical dominance and multiparametric interrelation between various organs and systems with an assessment of the synchronicity of their functioning in achieving a useful adaptive result. In real-time conditions using modern technologies (PET/CT), the unifying effect of the consistent supply of energy-intensive fluorodeoxyglucose molecules (18F-FDG) to various parts of the brain, kidneys and bladder wall has been established, which is a reflection of the general regulatory system of neurogenic support, the process of urine formation, its accumulation and excretion. This made it possible to substantiate additional mechanisms of intersystem relationships, determine the physiological boundaries of the reference parameters and propose a standard model for regulating the accumulation and evacuation function of the bladder, which is the basis for developing both criteria for pre-nosological diagnosis and a deeper assessment of urological disorders.
To study the relationship between constitutional and morphological characteristics and the specificity of visual contrast sensitivity disorders in schizophrenia, 46 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (F20 according to ICD-10) and 30 healthy volunteers were examined. The constitutional and morphological type was determined by the Rees–Eysenk index, and the type of somatic sexual differentiation was determined by the Tanner index. Contrast sensitivity was assessed by computer visocontrastmetry in the spatial frequency range of 0.4–10 cycle/deg. A generalized decrease in contrast sensitivity was revealed in patients with schizophrenia compared to the controls (p < 0.05 for all frequencies). Statistically significant differences in contrast sensitivity indicators were established depending on the constitutional and morphological type at frequencies of 3 and 6 cycle/deg (p < 0.05). Regression analysis revealed a frequency-specific contribution of constitutional factors: at medium frequencies (3 and 6 cycles/deg), body type was an independent predictor, while at high frequencies (10 cycles/deg), both factors-constitutional-morphological type and somatic sexual differentiation type-made significant contributions (p < 0.05). These results indicate that constitutional-morphological determinants make a frequency-specific contribution to the development of contrast sensitivity impairments in schizophrenia, which justifies the need to stratify patients by constitutional characteristics in neurophysiological studies and opens prospects for personalized assessment of sensory impairments.
The mechanisms of reading and reading comprehension at the words level, involve complex processes of decoding, visual information processing, and semantic retrieval. Reading more complex linguistic materials, such as phrases and texts, requires the construction and comprehension of context and overall textual representation. The aim of this study was to assess the functional connectivity of brain regions involved in the primary processing of written and spoken language (the fusiform gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, and supramarginal gyrus) during the reading of words, pseudowords, phrases, and texts in children. The study included 18 children (5 boys, 13 girls) aged 9–13 years (mean age 10.6 ± 1.3), who performed reading comprehension tasks involving words, pseudowords, phrases, and texts during fMRI scanning. Functional connectivity was analyzed using the CONN software package. The results demonstrated that the highest number of functional connections was observed during text and word reading. Compared to the fixation baseline, reading texts increased functional connectivity between the left supramarginal gyrus and the cingulate gyrus as well as the parietal operculum. During word reading, enhanced functional connectivity was observed between the left and right supramarginal gyri and the precuneus and parahippocampal gyrus. When comparing task conditions with the fixation baseline, as well as between tasks themselves, significant positive and negative functional connectivity were observed, involving the fusiform gyrus, suggesting a reorganization of reading networks depending on the complexity of linguistic material.
One of the most common acquired heart defects is aortic stenosis, a continuously progressive disease characterized by limited mobility of the valves, their fusion, and a decrease in valve opening. With increasing life expectancy, the incidence of this disease increases, which makes it necessary to predict the valve’s operability and timely surgical treatment before complications occur. Objective, to develop a mathematical model of left ventricular function with varying degrees of aortic stenosis. The team of authors presents a mathematical model of the mechanics of the left ventricle of the heart, taking into account aortic stenosis, based on a geometric description of the cavity and separate consideration of the passive and active properties of the myocardium. The passive component of pressure is determined by a nonlinear exponential dependence on the deformation of the wall, the active component is a function of temporal activation describing the contraction cycle. The dynamics of the aortic valve is modeled by changing the effective area of the opening, taking into account the degree of stenosis. The blood flow through the valve is described by a zero-dimensional model that includes the contribution of pressure gradient, viscous drag, and inertia of the blood. The proper lumen area of the aortic valve is assumed to be 2.0 cm2, which corresponds to 0
Long-term spaceflight requires measures to counteract muscle atrophy and musculoskeletal disorders associated with the harmful effects of microgravity. Replacing gravitational acceleration with centrifugation, or artificial gravity, is a promising alternative as it represents a potentially unique approach to creating artificial gravity (AG) for various physiological systems. The aim of this paper was to study the effects of artificial gravity on the internal architecture of two muscles of the human triceps surae complex under reduced gravity loading induced by dry water immersion (DI) for 21 days. Thirteen participants were divided into two groups: a control group (CTRL; n = 10), subjected to DI, and a group, using a combination of DI and centrifugation (cAG; n = 3). During the exposure period, the subjects in the group cAG were exposed to artificial gravity for 30 min (2.01 Gz on the feet) using a short-arm centrifuge with a support platform 220 cm from the center of rotation. Longitudinal ultrasound images in vivo of the medial (MG) and lateral (LG) gastrocnemius muscles were obtained at ankle joint angles of –15° (dorsiflexion), 0° (neutral anatomical position), and +30° (plantar flexion) with a knee joint angle of 0° using the Edge ultrasound system (United States) with a 7.5 MHz transducer and a 60 mm aperture. In each ankle position, ultrasound images of the MG and LG were obtained at 30
