Naringenin is a flavonoid found especially in citrus fruits and has become an important research topic in recent years due to its diverse biological effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, and antimicrobial activities. However, factors such as low water solubility, hydrophobic nature, low intestinal absorption, and extensive first-pass metabolism result in poor oral bioavailability, which severely limits its clinical and food industry applications. To overcome these limitations, delivery systems such as liposomes, micelles, emulsions, hydrogels, β-cyclodextrin complexes, electrospun nanofibers, and nanoparticles have been investigated. This review evaluates the chemical structure, natural sources, biosynthetic pathways, and biological effects of naringenin, and comprehensively assesses recent delivery strategies developed to enhance its stability and oral bioavailability.
Lightly roasted Wuyi rock tea (WRT) is a potential source of tea-derived aroma ingredients. This study optimized ethanol-assisted SC-CO₂ extraction of WRT volatiles using single-factor experiments and response surface methodology. The practical optimized conditions were 50 °C, 58 min, 150 mL entrainer, 20 MPa, and 20 L/h CO₂ flow. Five WRT extracts (WRTEs) were then prepared and characterized by E-nose, GC × GC-QTOFMS, multivariate analysis, estimated OAVs, and molecular docking. The estimated relative retention of VOC-equivalent signals ranged from 40.83% to 54.01%. In total, 275 VOCs were putatively identified, and 34 putative key aroma contributors, mainly related to floral and fruity notes, were screened. Molecular docking provided preliminary in silico evidence for potential interactions with olfactory receptors. In the tested commercial perfume matrix, 0.40% RG-E enhanced floral, sweet, and fresh notes, suggesting its preliminary fragrance-modifying potential.
This study evaluated dihydromyricetin (DMY), tannic acid (Tan), and resveratrol (Res) as natural cryoprotectants for bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) fillets during frozen storage (−20 °C, 8 weeks). Fillets treated with 0.1% (w/w) polyphenols were compared with a water control and a commercial sucrose–sorbitol cryoprotectant. Changes in water migration, water-holding capacity, protein and lipid oxidation, protein conformation, odor profiles, and sensory quality were systematically investigated, together with molecular docking analysis. Frozen storage induced progressive conversion of immobilized water to free water, accompanied by increased moisture loss and oxidative deterioration, whereas polyphenol treatments significantly mitigated these effects. Res restricted free-water formation and preserved water-holding capacity the most effectively, while Tan exhibited the strongest inhibition of lipid oxidation. Both Res and Tan better maintained myofibrillar protein secondary and tertiary structures and sensory quality during prolonged storage, whereas DMY mainly exerted protective effects at the early storage stage. Molecular docking analysis demonstrated favorable binding of all three polyphenols to β-actin, with docking scores of −8.0 kcal/mol for Tan, −6.5 kcal/mol for DMY, and − 5.5 kcal/mol for Res, indicating distinct protein interaction modes. Overall, 0.1% resveratrol and tannic acid best preserved water-holding capacity and inhibited oxidation in frozen bighead carp fillets, with molecular docking revealing stable polyphenol–β-actin interactions. These polyphenols show promise as targeted cryoprotectants for frozen fish.
Meat quality is influenced by non-lipid small molecules, yet prenatal metabolic organization remains unclear. Here, we constructed a high-resolution atlas of flavor- and color-related metabolism using a maternal–fetal goat dyad. We integrated full-spectrum metabolomics, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI), and full-length transcriptomics to profile longissimus dorsi muscle (LDM) and leg biceps femoris muscle (LM). Multi-omic analysis revealed a dominant two-axis pattern, with many metabolites showing higher abundance in maternal than fetal muscle and in LDM than LM. Maternal LDM was enriched in inosine-5′-monophosphate and citric acid, accompanied by higher pooled AMPD1 transcript abundance and a maternal-associated transcript abundance pattern of TCA-cycle-related genes. In contrast, fetal LM accumulated inosine and hypoxanthine. Although fetal muscles showed lower overall amino acid reserves, lysine and glutamate were locally enriched in superficial fast fibers. Histidine dipeptides showed similar superficial enrichment, providing insight into prenatal metabolic features potentially relevant to later meat quality development.
The agrifood supply chain is undergoing a profound digital transformation driven by the adoption of advanced sensing technologies, data analytics, and interconnected information systems. While these innovations create unprecedented opportunities to improve food safety, traceability, authenticity, and sustainability, they also introduce major challenges related to data accuracy, data availability, and data privacy and ethical governance. In this evolving landscape, metrology provides the scientific framework needed to ensure that digital data are reliable, comparable, and fit for decision-making.This review examines the principal data challenges affecting digital agrifood systems and discusses how metrological principles—including traceability, calibration, validation, uncertainty evaluation, and standardised measurement protocols—can be extended beyond traditional laboratory measurements to emerging digital technologies such as IoT, remote sensing, blockchain, Digital Twins, and artificial intelligence. By integrating these principles with FAIR data practices, digital agrifood ecosystems can improve data interoperability, transparency, and long-term reusability while supporting trustworthy data sharing and responsible governance.The review also highlights how research infrastructures such as METROFOOD-RI and governance initiatives such as DRG4FOOD provide complementary examples of implementing these principles in practice by combining metrological rigor with ethical and privacy-aware data governance. Overall, this review proposes a metrological perspective for addressing emerging data challenges and demonstrates how the integration of measurement science, digital technologies, and responsible governance can support trustworthy digital agrifood ecosystems, evidence-based decision-making, and more sustainable and resilient food systems.
