The article evaluates the potential for expanding the analysis of the territorial organization of production and settlement using an institutional approach. A counter movement by economists and sociologists toward geography as a science exploring the diversity of the environment external to institutions has been noted. In geographical studies, the institution itself rarely becomes the subject of spatial analysis; it primarily serves as an attribute of the object of study. It is demonstrated that the geographical view on institutions suggests two directions of research: the reflection of territorial characteristics in the nature and forms of certain institutions; and the spatial variability of institutions themselves, determined by the properties of the territory. The economic-geographical analysis primarily uses formal institutions, i.e., legalized norms and organizations. Informal behavioral stereotypes appear in socio-geographical works without corresponding generalizations as institutions, most often when studying rural areas. A comparison is made with the views of foreign scholars on the institutionalization of economic geography, identifying three directions for the development of the institutional analysis. The first one is the study of the evolution of the economic landscape, since institutions are characterized by inertia and maintain dependence on the previous path. Within the framework of this direction, the predisposition of local economies to innovation is considered. The second direction is the study of the embeddedness of economic action in local social structures, i.e., dependence on networks of communication with the local community. The third direction is increasing the importance of the local level in economic and geographical research, differentiating the locations where certain norms, rules, and interaction networks operate. Using the principles of evolution, embeddedness, and differentiation within the institutional approach, it is possible to develop a theoretical and methodological basis for studying the causes of various spatial processes, including population outflow from strategically important regions and the incomplete implementation of major investment projects, as well as for formulating an ideology of the territorial economic development based on endogenous resources under the conditions of an expected reduction in federal support funds.
This article presents the results of the spatial analysis of travel freedom and a country’s openness to international tourism. The relevance of the study is determined by the transformation of international tourism in the context of the global polycrisis. An institutional approach has been applied that consists of identifying and studying the institutionally determined factors of the spatial development of tourism, which are formed at the international level. This article examines the geographical space within which general principles of partnership and cooperation between countries in the field of travel organization operate. One significant factor in the spatial development of tourism is tourist formalities, which are considered in a core–periphery context. They represent the most significant institutional barriers to tourist mobility, standing in the way of international tourist flows. It has been revealed that most countries of the global economic core are characterized by a high level of freedom of movement and, at the same time, increased requirements for incoming travelers. In the periphery, many island states where tourism plays a high role in the economy stand out for their openness. The share of the population traveling around the world without a visa has remained relatively stable over a long period of time. In the countries that largely shape global politics and economy of the modern world (the United States, Great Britain, China, Russia, Germany, and France), changes in visa-free travel opportunities occur synchronously. The general trend of increasing travel freedom observed for citizens of most countries indicates an expansion of the tourist space, despite growing economic and political instability, as well as the consequences of the global tourism crisis resulting from the coronavirus pandemic.
This article presents the results of an analysis of archive materials of the long-term (1936–2015) observations of floods on the Barguzin River. A digital elevation model is created for geomorphometric analysis of the river basin relief. An automated analysis of relief indices in the Saga GIS software environment and expert interpretation of Landsat images from different periods has made it possible to differentiate the basin territory into homogeneous hydrological sites characterized by similar physical and geographical parameters of flood development. An assessment of flood formation is carried out, their genesis is determined, and metric characteristics and features of passage in different parts of the basin are identified. Maps of average water levels and flooded areas are compiled. Flood zone mapping is performed in the ArcGIS software environment based on the interpretation of Landsat satellite data from different periods and a topographic base at a scale of 1 : 100 000. As hydrological information for obtaining absolute flood zone boundary elevations, a sample of maximum water levels is collected from long-term observation series, and water levels at the cross sections obtained from the distribution curves of annual probabilities of exceeding maximum water levels of rain floods for hydrological posts are used. The combination of layers of hydrological sites and flood zones with the layer of agricultural lands has made it possible to establish the average long-term values of flooding of the territory for hydrological sites and determine the areas of flooded agricultural lands and settlements. A probabilistic-areal approach was used for the cartographic assessment of risk from floods. The risk calculation procedure is based on hazard indicators through a vulnerability parameter, allowing us to determine the physical risk or damage to the territory, economic facilities, and the population (in specific indicators), which forms the basis for calculating economic risk. Specific maps and an integrated risk map are compiled.
This article presents the results of identifying landscape patterns in the distribution of archaeological sites in southwestern Tuva and constructing a predictive model of the locations of as-yet-unexplored objects based on a neural network. The analysis is carried out using geoinformation systems and a machine learning algorithm. For this purpose, a database of archaeological sites in southwestern Tuva is compiled based on literary sources and the authors’ field research. Using a digital elevation model and available archaeological data, a geoinformation analysis is carried out and distribution diagrams for archaeological sites are created based on nine landscape features: absolute height, slope inclination, slope aspect, position relative to watercourses, height above the waterline of a nearby watercourse, solar radiation intensity for December and June, visibility of mountain peaks, and distance from mountain peaks. Based on the analysis of variance for known archaeological sites, a diagram of the importance of landscape features is constructed. The distance from the watercourse and the height above the waterline of the nearby watercourse played the greatest role in choosing the locations for religious structures. According to the resulting predictive model, religious sites can be found primarily along the western periphery of the Khemchik depression, along the river valleys flowing toward this depression, and along the river valleys in the southwest of the study area. The accuracy of the predictive model is approximately 85
Socioeconomic and foreign policy turbulence poses a challenge for the scientific community in assessing the sustainability of regional tourism systems, their adaptive management, and creating mechanisms to increase their sustainability. Of particular interest in this context are the regions of the Siberian Federal District (SFD), which have significant, but unevenly realized, tourism potential. This study focuses on the features of response of the tourism sector of SFD regions to the crisis shocks of 2000–2024, identified through the analysis of the dynamics of overnight stays. The work aims not only to diagnose the levels of regional sustainability, but also to identify key factors in their ability to adapt and recover from the crisis. The study is based on the combined application of two complementary methods: a multicriteria analysis of long-term trends in the indicator of tourist overnight stays and the identification and analysis of specific response models (V-, U-, L-, and W-types) to economic crises. The analysis identifies and interprets areas of consistency between the findings obtained using the two methods, as well as apparent contradictions, which are explained through a qualitative analysis of the dynamics. Based on the synthesis of methods, an integrated classification of the SFD regions is developed. In addition to describing the current state, the resulting typology reflects the dynamics of the adaptive potential of the regions. The results can be used by regional government bodies to develop differentiated anticrisis policies in the tourism sector, thereby facilitating the implementation of the national Tourism and Hospitality project and the Tourism Development state program.
