Humans live surrounded by a variety of threats. These threats can be diverse: natural, chemical, technological, psychological, social, ecological, global, biological, and health-related. The latter, namely biological and health threats, are the most pressing and dangerous from a human perspective as they affect living organisms’ health. Examples include infectious diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites (e.g., influenza, COVID-19, Lyme disease). In Poland, epidemic cases of the acute infectious respiratory disease COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, were first reported on March 4, 2020. The pandemic lasted three years. This scientific article attempts to present the architecture and functionality of the PandemIQ system. The system was designed for the early detection and forecasting of the regional risk of pandemic waves. The system is based on a hybrid artificial intelligence model that combines predictions based on epidemiological, mobility, and transportation data with interpretability (attention) mechanisms enabling visualization and decision justification. This paper provides a detailed discussion of the structure of decision reports for authorities, GIS-based operational dashboards (ArcGIS), and alternative solutions using the Apache ECharts library. It also presents validation procedures, data security aspects, and compliance with legal regulations (GDPR, AI Act). Simulation results using historical data on the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus indicate that the system can detect waves on average 7–14 days earlier than traditional epidemiological methods can, while maintaining a low false alarm rate.
Land consolidation is one of the most important instruments for improving the spatial structure of agricultural areas. It reorganizes cadastral parcels, improves road accessibility, and modernizes agricultural infrastructure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of land consolidation on parcel geometry and the functionality of the agricultural road network, considering the Przeginia cadastral unit in southern Poland as a case study. The analysis was based on a comparative before–after approach. Changes in parcel geometry were assessed using the elongation ratio, while road network functionality was evaluated through analyses of parcel accessibility, road conditions, planned infrastructure improvements, and the occurrence of informal farm tracks. Cadastral data, land consolidation design documents, and spatial analyses prepared during the consolidation process were used as source materials. The results demonstrated a substantial improvement in parcel geometry. The number of parcels with an elongation ratio exceeding 1:20 decreased by 64.6%, while the number of parcels with favourable proportions (1:4–1:1) increased by 66.9%. The number of parcels without access to a public road decreased from 651 to 104, which was an 84.0% reduction. In addition, more than 48 km of agricultural roads were planned for construction or reconstruction. The project also eliminated approximately 190 km of informal farm tracks, enabling the recovery of about 47.5 ha of land for agricultural production. The findings confirm that land consolidation can significantly improve cadastral parcel geometry, road accessibility, and the overall functionality of agricultural production space.
This paper presents the development of a three-dimensional model of a historic townhouse located at the Market Square (Rynek 11) in Przemyśl using data acquired by terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry. The study aimed to assess the usefulness of an integrated measurement approach for preparing detailed architectural documentation of a heritage building and to evaluate the quality of the final products, including the point cloud, mesh model, vector 3D model, and orthophotos. The methodology entailed field surveying, multi-station registration, georeferencing in the PL-2000 coordinate system, data filtering and cleaning, and subsequent processing in specialised software. The integrated workflow combined the geometric precision of TLS with the visual richness of image-based modelling. The results demonstrated that the adopted approach enabled the acquisition of highly detailed and metrically reliable documentation of the object. The final point cloud consisted of 1.617 billion points, while the mean registration error remained below 1 mm. The generated mesh model and vector model showed high geometric consistency with the source data, and the orthophotos made it possible to identify architectural details, material features, cracks, losses, and traces of previous repairs. The study confirms that the integration of TLS and photogrammetry provides an effective basis for digital documentation of historic buildings and that it may support conservation, restoration planning, archiving, and further design work.
The paper presents the development of a 3D model of the hunting palace in Julin using terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), along with complementary photogrammetric documentation. The study concerned a historic wooden building of high cultural value and complex architectural form located in the Podkarpackie region in south-eastern Poland. The main objective was to obtain a metrically reliable digital record that could support architectural inventory, conservation planning and future monitoring of the monument. Field work included TLS measurements of the exterior, roof and accessible interiors, as well as terrestrial and UAV-based image acquisition. The processing stage entailed point cloud registration, cleaning and filtering, integration of image data, generation of a textured mesh model, preparation of façade orthophotoplans, and drafting of the front elevation. In total, 218 scanner stations were used to create one coherent spatial dataset, and the final general registration error amounted to 1.110 mm, confirming high geometric reliability of the survey. The comparison of the orthophotoplan with the technical drawing of the front façade confirmed the dimensional consistency of the developed materials. The results indicate that the integration of TLS and photogrammetry enables comprehensive documentation of architecturally complex heritage buildings and provides products of high metric, analytical and visual quality. The resulting documentation may support conservation, renovation, digital presentation and long-term management of historic wooden architecture.
The study investigates the applicability of lowcost unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for the verification and updating of the BDOT500 topographic database ‒ one of the key components of the national spatial information infrastructure in Poland. The research focused on evaluating whether data acquired using lowaltitude photogrammetry can meet the accuracy requirements necessary for updating objects classified within the first group of terrain details. Photogrammetric imagery was collected using a DJI Mini 3 Pro UAV at three flight altitudes ‒ 50 m, 75 m, and 100 m ‒ and subsequently processed in Agisoft Metashape Professional to generate orthophotomosaics, dense point clouds, and digital terrain models (DTMs). Verification of BDOT500 content was performed in Bentley MicroStation V8i by comparing existing database objects with the orthophotomap and identifying discrepancies such as outdated, incorrectly located, or missing features. Additionally, elevation values from the BDOT500 were compared with DTMderived values to assess vertical accuracy. The results demonstrated that UAV data acquired from 50 m and 75 m meet the accuracy thresholds required for firstgroup terrain details, with the 75 m altitude providing the most favorable balance between precision, flight duration, and processing workload. The use of dense poin clouds further enabled a precise vectorization of complex terrain features, improving the geometric representation of selected objects. The findings confirm that lowcost UAV platforms can effectively support the updating of BDOT500 by rapid acquisition of highresolution spatial data, reducing fieldwork requirements, and increasing the overall efficiency of topographic database maintenance.
