BACKGROUND:B cells represent a crucial component of adaptive immunity that ensures long-term protection from infection by generating pathogen-specific immunoglobulins. Exercise alters B cell counts and immunoglobulin levels, but evidence-based conclusions on potential benefits for adaptive immunity are lacking. This systematic review assessed current literatures on the impact of acute exercise and exercise training on B cells, immunoglobulins, and markers of secretory immunity in human biofluids.METHODS:According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Embase were searched on March 8, 2023. Non-randomized controlled trials and crossover trials investigating the impact of acute exercise or exercise training on B cell counts and proportions, immunoglobulin levels, salivary flow rate, or secretory immunoglobulin A secretion rate were included. Quality and reporting of exercise training studies were assessed using the Tool for the Assessment of Study Quality and reporting in Exercise. Study characteristics, outcome measures, and statistically significant changes were summarized tabularly.RESULTS:Of the 67 eligible studies, 22 applied acute exercise and 45 applied exercise training. All included outcomes revealed significant alterations over time in acute exercise and exercise training context, but only a few investigations showed significant differences compared to control conditions. Secretory and plasma immunoglobulin A levels were most consistently increased in response to exercise training.CONCLUSION:B cell-related outcomes are altered by acute exercise and exercise training, but evidence-based conclusions cannot be drawn with high confidence due to the large heterogeneity in populations and exercise modalities. Well-designed trials with large sample sizes are needed to clarify how exercise shapes B cell-related immunity.
Purpose: This study aimed to quantify the dose-response association and the minimal effective dose of leisure-time physical activity (PA) to prevent mortality and cardiovascular disease in adults with type 2 diabetes. Methods: Cross-country comparison of 2 prospective cohort studies including 14,913 and 17,457 population-based adults with type 2 diabetes from the UK and China. Baseline leisure-time PA was self-reported and categorized by metabolic equivalent hours per week (MET-h/week) according to World Health Organization recommendations: none, below recommendation (>0-7.49 MET-h/week); at recommended level (7.5-14.9 MET-h/week); above recommendation (>= 15 MET-h/week). Mortality and cardiovascular disease data were obtained from national registries. Results: During a median follow-up of 12.4 and 9.7 years, in the UK and China cohorts, repectively, higher levels of leisure-time PA were inversely associated with all-cause (1571 and 2351 events) and cardiovascular mortality (392 and 1060 events), mostly consistent with a linear dose-response relationship. PA below, at, and above recommendations, compared with no activity, yielded all-cause mortality hazard ratios of 0.94 (95% confidence interval (95%CI): 0.79-1.12), 0.90 (95%CI: 0.74-1.10), and 0.85 (95%CI: 0.70-1.02) in British adults and 0.87 (95%CI: 0.68-1.10), 0.88 (95%CI: 0.74-1.03), and 0.77 (95%CI: 0.70-0.85) in Chinese adults. Associations with cardiovascular mortality were more pronounced in British adults (0.80 (95%CI: 0.58-1.11), 0.75 (95%CI: 0.52-1.09), and 0.69 (95%CI: 0.48-0.97)) but less pronounced in Chinese adults (1.06 (95%CI: 0.76-1.47), 1.01 (95%CI: 0.80-1.28), and 0.79 (95%CI: 0.69-0.92)). PA at recommended levels was not associated with lower rates of major adverse cardiovascular events (2345 and 4458 events). Conclusion: Leisure-time PA at the recommended levels was not convincingly associated with lower mortality and had no association with risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in British or Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes. Leisure-time PA above current recommendations may be needed to prevent cardiovascular disease and premature mortality in adults with type 2 diabetes.
Athletes are commonly advised not to compete or train during major symptoms of a viral acute respiratory illness (ARI) which most commonly is a common cold. It has been traditionally thought that heavy physical stress could induce the worsening of symptoms of ARI and possibly cause potentially severe complications like myocarditis or sudden cardiac death (SCD). In addition, viral ARI may decrease athlete's performance.1 These concerns have been recently stressed during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.2 However, it is anecdotally well-known that athletes commonly compete while experiencing common colds, most commonly due to picornaviral ARIs. In this perspective, we discuss what is known or not known regarding the risks of exercising during the viral ARI.
>1.The importance of immunomics in pediatric exercise research The profound effect that"acute"or"regular"exercise （i.e.,a single exercise session or repeated sessions over time,respectively） exerts on the immune system has been widely recognized. 1 Acute exercise is largely"immuno-enhancing"（e.g.,it may even improve vaccine responses in"at-risk"patients）,whereas regular exercise reduces the risk of chronic conditions （not only obesity,diabetes,or cardiovascular diseases,but also several types of cancer） partly due to its anti-inflammatory effects. 1,2
Immune outcomes are key mediators of many health benefits of exercise and are determined by exercise type, dose (frequency/duration, intensity), and individual characteristics. Similarly, reduced availability of ambient oxygen (hypoxia) modulates immune functions depending on the hypoxic dose and the individual capacity to respond to hypoxia. How combined exercise and hypoxia (e.g., high-altitude training) sculpts immune responses is not well understood, although such combinations are becoming increasingly popular. Therefore, in this paper, we summarize the impact on immune responses of exercise and of hypoxia, both independently and together, with a focus on specialized cells in the innate and adaptive immune system. We review the regulation of the immune system by tissue oxygen levels and the overlapping and distinct immune responses related to exercise and hypoxia, then we discuss how they may be modulated by nutritional strategies. Mitochondrial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms underlie many of the adaptations that can lead to improved cellular metabolism, resilience, and overall immune functions by regulating the survival, differentiation, activation, and migration of immune cells. This review shows that exercise and hypoxia can impair or complement/synergize with each other while regulating immune system functions. Appropriate acclimatization, training, and nutritional strategies can be used to avoid risks and tap into the synergistic potentials of the poorly studied immune consequences of exercising in a hypoxic state.
Background:Impairments in hamstring strength,flexibility,and morphology have been associated with altered knee biomechanics,pain,and function.Determining the presence of these impairments in individuals with gradual-onset knee disorders is important and may indicate targets for assessment and rehabilitation.This systematic review aimed to synthesize the literature to determine the presence of impairments in hamstring strength,flexibility,and morphology in individuals with gradual-onset knee disorders. Methods:Five databases(MEDLINE,Embase,CINAHL,SPORTDiscus,and Web of Science)were searched from inception to September 2022.Only studies comparing hamstring outcomes(e.g.,strength,flexibility,and/or morphology)between individuals with gradual-onset knee disor-ders and their unaffected limbs or pain-free controls were included.Meta-analyses for each knee disorder were performed.Outcome-level certainty was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment,Development,and Evaluation,and evidence gap maps were created. Results:Seventy-nine studies across 4 different gradual-onset knee disorders(i.e.,knee osteoarthritis(OA),patellofemoral pain(PFP),chondro-malacia patellae,and patellar tendinopathy)were included.Individuals with knee OA presented with reduced hamstring strength compared to pain-free controls during isometric(standard mean difference(SMD)=-0.76,95％confidence interval(95％CI):-1.32 to-0.21)and concen-tric contractions(SMD=-0.97,95％CI:-1.49 to-0.45).Individuals with PFP presented with reduced hamstring strength compared to pain-free controls during isometric(SMD=-0.48,95％CI:-0.82 to-0.14),concentric(SMD=-1.07,95％CI:-2.08 to-0.06),and eccentric contractions(SMD=-0.59,95％CI:-0.97 to-0.21).No differences were observed in individuals with patellar tendinopathy.Individuals with PFP presented with reduced hamstring flexibility when compared to pain-free controls(SMD=-0.76,95％CI:-1.15 to-0.36).Evidence gap maps identified insufficient evidence for chondromalacia patellae and hamstring morphology across all gradual-onset knee disorders. Conclusion:Our findings suggest that assessing and targeting impairments in hamstring strength and flexibility during rehabilitation may be recommended for individuals with knee OA or PFP.
BACKGROUND:Guidelines recommend that adolescents should accumulate an average of 60 min per day of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). However, using only this cut-off could hide important information. For instance, from a population-level point of view, increasing physical activity for those with no or low physical activity could provide more health benefits than increasing physical activity for those with intermediate levels. Also, including a more sensitive cut-point of ≥1 days per week could be an additional strategy for identifying those with low access/opportunities for physical activity practice. Thus, the current study aims to estimate the prevalence of ≥60 min of MVPA ≥1 days per week among adolescents globally, and to describe any relevant gender inequalities. METHODS:We used representative datasets from 146 countries/territories collected between 2003 and 2019. MVPA was self-reported. Participants were grouped into younger (≤14 years old) and older (>14 years old) adolescents. Crude Poisson regression models were used to identify the relative differences in ≥60 min of MVPA ≥1 days per week between boys and girls, and random-effects meta-analysis models were used to identify the pooled estimates. Analyses were stratified by country and region. RESULTS:Approximately 80% of both younger and older adolescents reported ≥60 min of MVPA ≥1 days per week. This prevalence was ≥94% in Europe and Central Asia and North America, while the estimates for the other regions were <77%. The prevalence of ≥60 min of MVPA ≥1 days per week was higher among boys than girls, with the largest differences occurring among the oldest adolescents (Prevalence ratio≤14y = 1.04 (95% confidence interval (95%CI)): 1.03‒1.04) vs. Prevalence ratio>14y = 1.09 (95%CI: 1.08‒1.10)). CONCLUSION:Approximately 8 out of 10 adolescents reported accumulating ≥60 min of MVPA ≥1 days per week, with notable differences between regions. Gender differences were observed in several countries, especially among the oldest adolescents. Priorities for physical activity promotion among adolescents should include increasing access/opportunities for physical activity among those who do not achieve ≥60 min of MVPA ≥1 days per week and reducing gender inequalities.
Over the past few decades,exercise oncology has emerged as an important subfield within exercise science.Over that time,substantial progress has been made in understanding the role of exercise in people newly diagnosed with cancer,actively being treated for cancer,and recovering after cancer treatments.As with many chronic diseases,much of the research has focused on buffering health-related fitness declines,managing symptoms of the disease,ameliorating treatment side effects,and preventing long-term complica-tions.
Background: Combined knee valgus and tibial internal rotation (VL + IR) moments have been shown to stress the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in several in vitro cadaveric studies. To utilize this knowledge for non-contact ACL injury prevention in sports, it is necessary to elucidate how the ground reaction force (GRF) acting point (center of pressure (CoP)) in the stance foot produces combined knee VL + IR moments in risky maneuvers, such as cuttings. However, the effects of the GRF acting point on the development of the combined knee VL + IR moment in cutting are still unknown. Methods: We first established the deterministic mechanical condition that the CoP position relative to the tibial rotational axis differentiates the GRF vector's directional probability for developing the combined knee VL + IR moment, and theoretically predicted that when the CoP is posterior to the tibial rotational axis, the GRF vector is more likely to produce the combined knee VL + IR moment than when the CoP is anterior to the tibial rotational axis. Then, we tested a stochastic aspect of our theory in a lab-controlled in vivo experiment. Fourteen females performed 60° cutting under forefoot/rearfoot strike conditions (10 trials each). The positions of lower limb markers and GRF data were measured, and the knee moment due to GRF vector was calculated. The trials were divided into anterior- and posterior-CoP groups depending on the CoP position relative to the tibial rotational axis at each 10 ms interval from 0 to 100 ms after foot strike, and the occurrence rate of the combined knee VL + IR moment was compared between trial groups. Results: The posterior-CoP group showed significantly higher occurrence rates of the combined knee VL + IR moment (maximum of 82.8%) at every time point than those of the anterior-CoP trials, as theoretically predicted by the deterministic mechanical condition. Conclusion: The rearfoot strikes inducing the posterior CoP should be avoided to reduce the risk of non-contact ACL injury associated with the combined knee VL + IR stress.
PURPOSE:The aim of the current study was to investigate the association of accelerometer-measured sleep duration and different intensities of physical activity (PA) with the risk of incident type 2 diabetes in a population-based prospective cohort study. METHODS:Altogether, 88,000 participants (mean age = 62.2 ± 7.9 years, mean ± SD) were included from the UK Biobank. Sleep duration (short: <6 h/day; normal: 6-8 h/day; long: >8 h/day) and PA of different intensities were measured using a wrist-worn accelerometer over a 7-day period between 2013 and 2015. PA was classified according to the median or World Health Organization-recommendation: total volume of PA (high, low), moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) (recommended, not recommended), and light-intensity PA (high, low). Incidence of type 2 diabetes was ascertained using hospital records or death registries. RESULTS:During a median follow-up of 7.0 years, 1615 incident type 2 diabetes cases were documented. Compared with normal sleep duration, short (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.21, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 1.03-1.41) but not long sleep duration (HR = 1.01, 95%CI: 0.89-1.15) was associated with excessive type 2 diabetes risk. This increased risk among short sleepers seems to be protected against by PA. Compared with normal sleepers with high or recommended PA, short sleepers with low volume of PA (HR = 1.81, 95%CI: 1.46-2.25), not recommended (below the World Health Organization-recommended level of) MVPA (HR = 1.92, 95%CI: 1.55-2.36), or low light-intensity PA (HR = 1.49, 95%CI: 1.13-1.90) had a higher risk of type 2 diabetes, while short sleepers with a high volume of PA (HR = 1.14, 95%CI: 0.88-1.49), recommended MVPA (HR = 1.02, 95%CI: 0.71-1.48), or high light-intensity PA (HR = 1.14, 95%CI: 0.92-1.41) did not. CONCLUSION:Accelerometer-measured short but not long sleep duration was associated with a higher risk of incident type 2 diabetes. A higher level of PA, regardless of intensity, potentially ameliorates this excessive risk.
BACKGROUND:Muscular strength is an important component of physical fitness. We evaluated the relationship between baseline muscular strength and risk of stroke among adults who were aged ≥65 years during follow-up. METHODS:We included 7627 healthy adults (mean age = 43.9 years, 86.0% male) underwent a baseline physical examination between 1980 and 1989. Muscular strength was determined by 1-repetition maximum measures for bench press and leg press and categorized into age- and sex-specific tertiles for each measure. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) was assessed via a maximal treadmill exercise test. Those enrolled in fee-for-service Medicare from 1999 to 2019 were included in the analyses. Associations between baseline strength and stroke outcomes were estimated using a modified Cox proportional hazards model. In a secondary analysis, we examined stroke risk by categories of CRF where Quintile 1 = low, Quintiles 2-3 = moderate, and Quintiles 4-5 = high CRF based on age and sex. RESULTS:After 70,072 person-years of Medicare follow-up, there were 1211 earliest indications of incident stroke. In multivariable analyses, the hazard ratio (95% confidence interval (95%CI)) for stroke across bench press categories were 1.0 (referent), 0.96 (0.83-1.11), and 0.89 (0.77-1.04), respectively (p trend = 0.14). The trend across categories of leg press was also non-significant (p trend = 0.79). Adjusted hazard ratio (95%CI) for stroke across ordered CRF categories were 1.0 (referent), 0.90 (0.71-1.13), and 0.72 (0.57-0.92) (p trend < 0.01). CONCLUSION:While meeting public health guidelines for muscular strengthening activities is likely to improve muscular strength as well as many health outcomes in older adults, performing such activities may not be helpful in preventing stroke. Conversely, meeting guidelines for aerobic activity is likely to improve CRF and lower stroke risk.
Purpose:This study aimed to non-invasively test the hypothesis that（a） short-term lower limb unloading would induce changes in the neural control of force production（based on motor units（MUs） properties） in the vastus lateralis muscle and（b） possible changes are reversed by active recovery（AR）.Methods:Ten young males underwent 10 days of unilateral lower limb suspension（ULLS） followed by 21 days of AR.During ULLS,participants walked exclusively on crutches with the dominant leg suspended in a slightly flexed position（15°-20°） and with the contralateral foot raised by an elevated shoe.The AR was based on resistance exercise（leg press and leg extension） and executed at 70% of each participant’s 1repetition maximum,3 times/week.Maximal voluntary isometric contraction（MVC） of knee extensors and MUs properties of the vastus lateralis muscle were measured at baseline,after ULLS,and after AR.MUs were identified using high-density electromyography during trapezoidal isometric contractions at 10%,25%,and 50% of the current MVC,and individual MUs were tracked across the 3 data collection points.Results:We identified 1428 unique MUs,and 270 of them（18.9%） were accurately tracked.After ULLS,MVC decreased by 29.77%,MUs absolute recruitment/derecruitment thresholds were reduced at all contraction intensities（with changes between the 2 variables strongly correlated）,while discharge rate was reduced at 10% and 25% but not at 50% MVC.Impaired MVC and MUs properties fully recovered to baseline levels after AR.Similar changes were observed in the pool of total as well as tracked MUs.Conclusion:Our novel results demonstrate,non-invasively,that 10 days of ULLS affected neural control predominantly by altering the discharge rate of lower-threshold but not of higher-threshold MUs,suggesting a preferential impact of disuse on motoneurons with a lower depolarization threshold.However,after 21 days of AR,the impaired MUs properties were fully restored to baseline levels,highlighting the plasticity of the components involved in neural control.
This review highlights some established and some more contemporary mechanisms responsible for heart failure (HF)-induced skeletal muscle wasting and weakness. We first describe the effects of HF on the relationship between protein synthesis and degradation rates, which determine muscle mass, the involvement of the satellite cells for continual muscle regeneration, and changes in myofiber calcium homeostasis linked to contractile dysfunction. We then highlight key mechanistic effects of both aerobic and resistance exercise training on skeletal muscle in HF and outline its application as a beneficial treatment. Overall, HF causes multiple impairments related to autophagy, anabolic-catabolic signaling, satellite cell proliferation, and calcium homeostasis, which together promote fiber atrophy, contractile dysfunction, and impaired regeneration. Although both wasting and weakness are partly rescued by aerobic and resistance exercise training in HF, the effects of satellite cell dynamics remain poorly explored.
Purpose:The study aimed to examine the reporting completeness of randomized controlled trials(RCTs)of non-pharmacological interventions following concussion. Methods:We searched MEDLINE,Embase,PsycInfo,CINAHL,and Web of Science up to May 2022.Two reviewers independently screened studies and assessed reporting completeness using the Template for Intervention Description and Replication(TIDieR),Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template(CERT),and international Consensus on Therapeutic Exercise aNd Training(i-CONTENT)checklists.Additional informa-tion was sought my study authors where reporting was incomplete.Risk of bias(ROB)was assessed with the Cochrane ROB-2 Tool.RCTs examining non-pharmacological interventions following concussion. Results:We included 89 RCTs(n=53 high ROB)examining 11 different interventions for concussion:sub-symptom threshold aerobic exercise,cervicovestibular therapy,physical/cognitive rest,vision therapy,education,psychotherapy,hyperbaric oxygen therapy,transcranial magnetic stimulation,blue light therapy,osteopathic manipulation,and head/neck cooling.Median scores were:TIDieR 9/12(75％;interquartile range(IQR)=5;range:5-12),CERT 17/19(89％;IQR=2;range:10-19),and i-CONTENT 6/7(86％;IQR=1;range:5-7).Percentage of studies completely reporting all items was TIDieR 35％(31/89),CERT 24％(5/21),and i-CONTENT 10％(2/21).Studies were more completely reported after publication of TIDieR(t87=2.08;p=0.04)and CERT(t19=2.72;p=0.01).Reporting completeness was not strongly associated with journal impact factor(TIDieR:rs=0.27;p=0.01;CERT:rs=-0.44;p=0.06;i-CONTENT:rs=-0.17;p=0.48)or ROB(TIDieR:rs=0.11;p=0.31;CERT:rs=0.04;p=0.86;i-CONTENT:rs=0.12;p=0.60). Conclusion:RCTs of non-pharmacological interventions following concussion demonstrate moderate to good reporting completeness,but are often missing key components,particularly modifications,motivational strategies,and qualified supervisor.Reporting completeness improved after TIDieR and CERT publication,but publication in highly cited journals and low ROB do not guarantee reporting completeness.
In the September 2022 issue of the Journal of Sport and Health Science,Ayala et al.1 published results from a cross-sectional study where they tested the hypothesis that light intensity physical activity(LIPA,1.6-2.9 metabolic equivalents(METs))moderates the rela-tionship between sitting time and adiposity in 219 Australian adoles-cents aged 14±1.6 years(mean±SD).The researchers used an accelerometer and an inclinometer to measure time spent sitting,total LIPA,and moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity(MVPA,≤3.0 METs).Adiposity was calculated as the waist circum-ference z scores(zWC)and body mass index z-scores(zBMI).Total LIPA MET values were divided into low-LIPA(～1.6-2.2 METs)and high-LIPA(～2.3-2.9 METs).Results showed no associations between sitting time(10.8 h/day)and zBMI and zWC.However,time spent in total LIPA(259.9±55.2 min/day,～4.33 h/day)moderated the relationship between sitting and zBMI,and time spent in low-LIPA(165.9±36.8 min/day,～2.77 h/day)moderated the relationship between sitting and zWC and zBMI.No associations were observed for high-LIPA(93.9±24.6 min/day,～1.57 h/day)or MVPA(50.9 min/day,～0.85 h/day).Moderator analysis showed that sitting time was inversely related to zBMI at higher levels of total LIPA(259.9 min/day+l SD,or an additional 55 min/day).
Background:As the effectiveness of breast cancer treatment has improved,a growing number of long-term breast cancer survivors are seeking help for unique health problems.These patients may be at increased risk of cardiovascular disease due to the side effects of treatment.The posi-tive impact of most types of exercise has been repeatedly reported in people with cancer,but the most effective exercise approaches for maximum beneficial adaptations remain controversial.Thus,this study aimed to compare the effects of high-intensity interval training(HIIT)and moderate-intensity continuous training(MICT)on inflammatory indices,adipokines,metabolic markers,body composition,cardiorespira-tory fitness,and quality of life in breast cancer patients during adjuvant endocrine therapy. Methods:Thirty non-metastatic breast cancer patients during adjuvant endocrine therapy who had been treated with chemotherapy and/or radio-therapy were recruited from Iran and randomized to HIIT,MICT,or control groups for a supervised exercise intervention that took place 3 times a week for 12 weeks.The training intensity was determined based on the peak oxygen uptake(VO2peak),and the volume of training was matched in HIIT and MICT based on the VO2peak.Body composition,functional capacity,cardiorespiratory fitness,metabolic indices,sex hormones,adipokines,and inflammatory markers were assessed before and after the intervention. Results:The VO2peak increased by 16.8％in the HIIT group in comparison to baseline values(mean difference=3.61 mL/kg/min).HIIT signifi-cantly improved the VO2peak compared to control(mean difference=3.609 mL/kg/min)and MICT(mean differences=2.974 mL/kg/min)groups.Both HIIT(mean difference=9.172 mg/dL)and MICT(mean difference=7.879 mg/dL)interventions significantly increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels compared to the control group.The analysis of covariance showed that physical well-being significantly improved in MICT compared to control group(mean difference=3.268).HIIT significantly improved the social well-being compared to the control group(mean difference=4.412).Emotional well-being subscale was significantly improved in both MICT(mean difference=4.248)and HIIT(mean difference=4.412)compared to the control group.Functional well-being scores significantly increased in HIIT group compared with control group(mean difference=3.35).Significant increase were also observed in total functional assessment of cancer therapy-General scores in both HIIT(mean difference=14.204)and MICT groups(mean difference=10.036)compared with control group.The serum level of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 increased significantly(mean difference=0.09 pg/mL)in the HIIT group compared to the baseline.There were no significant differences between groups for body weight,body mass index,fasting blood glucose,insulin resistance,sex hormone binding globulin,total cholesterol,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,adipokines,interleukin-6,tumor necrosis factor-a,or interleukin-10. Conclusion:HIIT can be used as a safe,feasible,and time-efficient intervention to improve cardiovascular fitness in breast cancer patients.Both HIIT and MICT modalities enhance quality of life.Further large-scale studies will help determine whether these promising results translate into improved clinical and oncological outcomes.
>The power of artificial intelligence (AI) to create stories,music,art,and other creative projects has been demonstrated and criticized over recent decades in media,mainly because of the idea that AI will replace human jobs.Most recently,in November 2022,reactions to Chat Generative Pre-training Transformer (ChatGPT) release for public use reverberated in news and social media headlines,while its users exceeded100 million in just a few weeks.ChatGPT is a natural language processing program created by AI non-profit OpenAI Inc.
Background: There is mounting evidence that regular physical activity is an important prerequisite for healthy cognitive aging. Consequently, the finding that almost one-third of the adult population does not reach the recommended level of regular physical activity calls for further public health actions. In this context, digital and home-based physical training interventions might be a promising alternative to center-based intervention programs. Thus, this systematic review aimed to summarize the current state of the literature on the effects of digital and home-based physical training interventions on adult cognitive performance. Methods: In this pre-registered systematic review (PROSPERO; ID: CRD42022320031), 5 electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, PsycInfo, SPORTDiscus, and Cochrane Library) were searched by 2 independent researchers (FH and PT) to identify eligible studies investigating the effects of digital and home-based physical training interventions on cognitive performance in adults. The systematic literature search yielded 8258 records (extra 17 records from other sources), of which 27 controlled trials were considered relevant. Two reviewers (FH and PT) independently extracted data and assessed the risk of bias using a modified version of the Tool for the assEssment of Study qualiTy and reporting in EXercise (TESTEX scale). Results: Of the 27 reviewed studies, 15 reported positive effects on cognitive and motor-cognitive outcomes (i.e., performance improvements in measures of executive functions, working memory, and choice stepping reaction test), and a considerable heterogeneity concerning study-related, population-related, and intervention-related characteristics was noticed. A more detailed analysis suggests that, in particular, interventions using online classes and technology-based exercise devices (i.e., step-based exergames) can improve cognitive performance in healthy older adults. Approximately one-half of the reviewed studies were rated as having a high risk of bias with respect to completion adherence (≤85%) and monitoring of the level of regular physical activity in the control group. Conclusion: The current state of evidence concerning the effectiveness of digital and home-based physical training interventions is mixed overall, though there is limited evidence that specific types of digital and home-based physical training interventions (e.g., online classes and step-based exergames) can be an effective strategy for improving cognitive performance in older adults. However, due to the limited number of available studies, future high-quality studies are needed to buttress this assumption empirically and to allow for more solid and nuanced conclusions.
•Consumer sleep technologies (CSTs) are the numerous software and hardware products that claim to monitor and even enhance sleep.•At this time, CSTs cannot be used for the diagnosis or treatment of sleep problems.•Orthosomnia is the name for a CST-driven obsession with getting the best possible sleep.
Background : Adenosine triphosphatase inhibitory factor 1 (IF1) is a key protein involved in energy metabolism. IF1 has been linked to various agerelated diseases, although its relationship with physical activity (PA) remains unclear. Additionally, the apolipoprotein A -I (apoA-I), a PA -modulated lipoprotein, could play a role in this relationship because it shares a binding site with IF1 on the cell -surface ATP synthase. We examined here the associations between chronic PA and plasma IF1 concentrations among older adults, and we investigated whether apoA-I mediated these associations. Methods : In the present work, 1096 healthy adults (63.8% females) aged 70 years and over who were involved in the Multidomain Alzheimer Prevention Trial study were included. IF1 plasma concentrations (square root of ng/mL) were measured at the 1 -year visit of the Multidomain Alzheimer Prevention Trial, while PA levels (square root of metabolic equivalent task min/week) were assessed using questionnaires administered each year from baseline to the 3 -year visit. Multiple linear regressions were performed to investigate the associations between the first -year mean PA levels and IF1 concentrations. Mediation analyses were conducted to examine whether apoA-I mediated these associations. Mixedeffect linear regressions were carried out to investigate whether the 1 -year visit IF1 concentrations predicted subsequent changes in PA. Results : Multiple linear regressions indicated that first -year mean PA levels were positively associated with IF1 concentrations ( B = 0.021; SE = 0.010; p = 0.043). Mediation analyses revealed that about 37.7% of this relationship was mediated by apoA-I ( B ab = 0.008; SE = 0.004; p = 0.023). Longitudinal investigations demonstrated that higher concentrations of IF1 at the 1 -year visit predicted a faster decline in PA levels over the subsequent 2 years (time pound IF1: B = - 0.148; SE = 0.066; p = 0.025). Conclusion : This study demonstrates that regular PA is associated with plasma IF1 concentrations, and it suggests that apoA-I partly mediates this association. Additionally, this study finds that baseline concentrations of IF1 can predict future changes in PA. However, further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms underlying these observations.
