Background:Physical activity（PA） can improve the physical and psychological health of prostate and colorectal cancer survivors,but PA behavior change maintenance is necessary for long-term health benefits.OncoActive is a print-and web-based intervention in which prostate and colorectal cancer patients and survivors receive automatically generated,personalized feedback aimed at integrating PA into daily life to increase and maintain PA.We evaluated the long-term outcomes of OncoActive by examining the 12-month follow-up differences between OncoActive and a control group,and we explored whether PA was maintained during a 6-month non-intervention follow-up period.Methods:Prostate or colorectal cancer patients were randomly assigned to an OncoActive（n=249） or a usual care waitlist control group（n=229）.OncoActive participants received PA advice and a pedometer.PA outcomes（i.e.,ActiGraph and self-report moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA（MVPA） min/week and days with ≥30 min PA） and health-related outcomes（i.e.,fatigue,depression,physical functioning） were assessed at baseline,6 months,and 12 months.Differences between groups and changes over time were assessed with multilevel linear regressions for the primary outcome（ActiGraph MVPA min/week） and all additional outcomes.Results:At 12 months,OncoActive participants did not perform better than control group participants at ActiGraph MVPA min/week,self-report MVPA min/week,or ActiGraph days with PA.Only self-report days with PA were significantly higher in OncoActive compared to the control group.For health-related outcomes only long-term fatigue was significantly lower in OncoActive.When exploratively examining PA within OncoActive,the previously found PA effects at the end of the intervention（6 months follow-up） were maintained at 12 months.Furthermore,all PA outcomes improved significantly from baseline to 12 months.The control group showed small but non-significant improvements from6 months to 12 months（and from baseline to 12 months）,resulting in a decline of differences between groups.Conclusion:The majority of previously reported significant between-group differences at 6 months follow-up were no longer present at long-term follow-up,possibly because of natural improvement in the control group.At long-term follow-up,fatigue was significantly lower in OncoActive compared to control group participants.Computer-tailored PA advice may give participants an early start toward recovery and potentially contribute s to improving long-term health.
BACKGROUND:B cells represent a crucial component of adaptive immunity that ensures long-term protection from infection by generating pathogen-specific immunoglobulins. Exercise alters B cell counts and immunoglobulin levels, but evidence-based conclusions on potential benefits for adaptive immunity are lacking. This systematic review assessed current literatures on the impact of acute exercise and exercise training on B cells, immunoglobulins, and markers of secretory immunity in human biofluids.METHODS:According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Embase were searched on March 8, 2023. Non-randomized controlled trials and crossover trials investigating the impact of acute exercise or exercise training on B cell counts and proportions, immunoglobulin levels, salivary flow rate, or secretory immunoglobulin A secretion rate were included. Quality and reporting of exercise training studies were assessed using the Tool for the Assessment of Study Quality and reporting in Exercise. Study characteristics, outcome measures, and statistically significant changes were summarized tabularly.RESULTS:Of the 67 eligible studies, 22 applied acute exercise and 45 applied exercise training. All included outcomes revealed significant alterations over time in acute exercise and exercise training context, but only a few investigations showed significant differences compared to control conditions. Secretory and plasma immunoglobulin A levels were most consistently increased in response to exercise training.CONCLUSION:B cell-related outcomes are altered by acute exercise and exercise training, but evidence-based conclusions cannot be drawn with high confidence due to the large heterogeneity in populations and exercise modalities. Well-designed trials with large sample sizes are needed to clarify how exercise shapes B cell-related immunity.
Purpose: This study aimed to quantify the dose-response association and the minimal effective dose of leisure-time physical activity (PA) to prevent mortality and cardiovascular disease in adults with type 2 diabetes. Methods: Cross-country comparison of 2 prospective cohort studies including 14,913 and 17,457 population-based adults with type 2 diabetes from the UK and China. Baseline leisure-time PA was self-reported and categorized by metabolic equivalent hours per week (MET-h/week) according to World Health Organization recommendations: none, below recommendation (>0-7.49 MET-h/week); at recommended level (7.5-14.9 MET-h/week); above recommendation (>= 15 MET-h/week). Mortality and cardiovascular disease data were obtained from national registries. Results: During a median follow-up of 12.4 and 9.7 years, in the UK and China cohorts, repectively, higher levels of leisure-time PA were inversely associated with all-cause (1571 and 2351 events) and cardiovascular mortality (392 and 1060 events), mostly consistent with a linear dose-response relationship. PA below, at, and above recommendations, compared with no activity, yielded all-cause mortality hazard ratios of 0.94 (95% confidence interval (95%CI): 0.79-1.12), 0.90 (95%CI: 0.74-1.10), and 0.85 (95%CI: 0.70-1.02) in British adults and 0.87 (95%CI: 0.68-1.10), 0.88 (95%CI: 0.74-1.03), and 0.77 (95%CI: 0.70-0.85) in Chinese adults. Associations with cardiovascular mortality were more pronounced in British adults (0.80 (95%CI: 0.58-1.11), 0.75 (95%CI: 0.52-1.09), and 0.69 (95%CI: 0.48-0.97)) but less pronounced in Chinese adults (1.06 (95%CI: 0.76-1.47), 1.01 (95%CI: 0.80-1.28), and 0.79 (95%CI: 0.69-0.92)). PA at recommended levels was not associated with lower rates of major adverse cardiovascular events (2345 and 4458 events). Conclusion: Leisure-time PA at the recommended levels was not convincingly associated with lower mortality and had no association with risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in British or Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes. Leisure-time PA above current recommendations may be needed to prevent cardiovascular disease and premature mortality in adults with type 2 diabetes.
Athletes are commonly advised not to compete or train during major symptoms of a viral acute respiratory illness (ARI) which most commonly is a common cold. It has been traditionally thought that heavy physical stress could induce the worsening of symptoms of ARI and possibly cause potentially severe complications like myocarditis or sudden cardiac death (SCD). In addition, viral ARI may decrease athlete's performance.1 These concerns have been recently stressed during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.2 However, it is anecdotally well-known that athletes commonly compete while experiencing common colds, most commonly due to picornaviral ARIs. In this perspective, we discuss what is known or not known regarding the risks of exercising during the viral ARI.
>1.The importance of immunomics in pediatric exercise research The profound effect that"acute"or"regular"exercise （i.e.,a single exercise session or repeated sessions over time,respectively） exerts on the immune system has been widely recognized. 1 Acute exercise is largely"immuno-enhancing"（e.g.,it may even improve vaccine responses in"at-risk"patients）,whereas regular exercise reduces the risk of chronic conditions （not only obesity,diabetes,or cardiovascular diseases,but also several types of cancer） partly due to its anti-inflammatory effects. 1,2
