Nanosized particles are stabilised by polymers and made mostly of amphiphilic lipids known as cubosomes (CUBs). Encapsulating hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and amphiphilic pharmaceuticals is made effective by their internal bi-continuous cubic phase architecture, which gives a high surface area and partitioned aqueous domains. These self-assembled nanoparticles exhibit thermodynamic stability, biocompatibility, and mucoadhesive properties, making them ideal carriers for diverse multiple administration routes, including oral, transdermal, parenteral, and ocular. Problems with medication solubility, bioavailability, and non-specific toxicity are some of the most important ones that CUBs aim to solve. This review presents a comprehensive overview of CUB structure, types, formulation methods, and characterization techniques. The review emphasizes recent advancements in CUB-based delivery of chemotherapeutic agents, including paclitaxel and doxorubicin, cisplatin, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil, highlighting their improved pharmacokinetics and reduced systemic toxicity Despite manufacturing challenges, ongoing research into scalable production and novel excipients continues to support their translational promise. CUBs represent a versatile and potent platform in nanomedicine, offering substantial improvements in drug delivery and cancer treatment. Recent advancements in formulation strategies and surface modification is further strengthened their therapeutic potential. Cubosomes as a promising platform in precision oncology and next generation cancer therapeutics.
Electrospun nanofibers have gained increasing attention as an advanced platform for drug delivery due to their high surface-area-to-volume ratio, tunable porosity, and ability to incorporate a wide range of therapeutic agents. These structural properties enable precise control over drug loading and release kinetics, making electrospun nanofibers a promising alternative to conventional delivery systems such as liposomes, hydrogels, micelles, and polymeric nanoparticles. This review provides a comprehensive overview of electrospinning fundamentals, polymer–solvent interactions, and key processing parameters influencing nanofiber morphology and performance. Various drug encapsulation strategies, including blend, coaxial, and emulsion electrospinning, are discussed together with their advantages and limitations in achieving controlled and stimuli-responsive drug release. A narrative literature search covering the period 2015–2025 identified 214 studies, of which 137 met the eligibility criteria and were included in this review. The findings reveal significant research progress across several Asian countries, particularly China, Japan, South Korea, India, and Malaysia, where electrospun nanofibers are actively explored for applications in cancer therapy, wound healing, topical drug delivery, and tissue engineering. The integration of natural bioactive compounds, implantable nanofiber systems, and stimuli-responsive architectures further highlights the rapid innovation occurring in this region. Despite these advancements, several challenges remain, including high production costs, limitations in large-scale manufacturing, solvent toxicity, environmental concerns, and the lack of standardized regulatory frameworks. Addressing these issues through improved fabrication technologies, modular electrospinning systems, solvent recycling strategies, and harmonized quality standards will be essential for successful commercial translation. Overall, electrospun nanofibers represent a rapidly evolving and highly adaptable platform with strong potential to advance future drug delivery strategies, particularly within Asia’s growing pharmaceutical and biomedical landscape.
Obesity represents a major global public health challenge associated with long-term complications such as type 2 diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and respiratory disorders, largely driven by modern lifestyles and unhealthy dietary patterns. Although conventional treatment strategies, including lifestyle modification, pharmacotherapy, and bariatric surgery, offer therapeutic benefits, they are often limited by adverse effects, long-term adherence, and inconsistent efficacy. In recent years, herbal medicines and phytoconstituents have emerged as attractive alternatives due to their natural origin, multitargeted mechanisms of action, and comparatively favorable safety profiles. However, their clinical translation is frequently hampered by poor aqueous solubility, low bioavailability, and rapid systemic clearance. Nanotechnology provides a promising approach to overcome these limitations by improving the pharmacokinetics, stability, and targeted delivery of bioactives. This review presents a comprehensive evaluation of herbal nanotherapeutics for obesity management, focusing on the design and application of diverse nanocarrier systems, including polymeric nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and micelles. Additionally, current challenges, regulatory considerations, and future perspectives are examined to guide the development of safe, effective, and patient-friendly herbal nanomedicines for obesity treatment.
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein hormone used to treat anemia in patients with chronic renal failure in an injection dosage form. Drug delivery systems with nanoparticles technology have a high potential in increasing protein stability, prolonging the duration of the therapeutic effect, and the application without injection. This study aims to optimize the formulation of erythropoietin nanoparticle oral preparation using the D-optimal mixture design. This study is to determine the concentration range of chitosan and pectin as a base for nanoparticles. The D-optimal mixture design optimizes the erythropoietin nanoparticles by selecting the nanoparticle base composition as an independent factor and nanoparticle characterization as a response. Nanoparticles in the optimal formula were characterized, including particles size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency. The data were analyzed by using ANOVA contained in the Design Expert® software to get the optimum formula. The optimization showed that the optimal formula was that using 0,10% chitosan and 0,010% of pectin. Nanoparticle loaded erythropoietin produced with 278,8 nm of particle size, 0,38 of PDI, 27,0 mV of zeta potential, and 87,32% entrapment efficiency. In this study of the D-optimal mixture design, and optimize and prepare the erythropoietin nanoparticles
Bone fractures and orthopedic surgical interventions are associated with an increased risk of osteomyelitis, necessitating effective antibiotic therapy. However, systemic antibiotic administration is often limited by poor drug penetration due to tissue devascularization at the fracture site and the formation of bacterial biofilms, which further contribute to antimicrobial resistance and systemic toxicity. Consequently, localized drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising strategy to overcome these limitations. This study aimed to fabricate vancomycin (VAN)-loaded nanofiber implants based on a nano bovine hydroxyapatite (NBHA)–poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)–polyethylene glycol (PEG) matrix with optimized physicochemical properties and a sustained release profile over 28 days. The nanofibers were fabricated via electrospinning using an optimized formulation derived from a prior Design of Experiments (DoE) study. The resulting nanofibers exhibited uniform morphology, with an average fiber diameter of 91.42± 0.85 nm and a tensile strength of 2.152±0.289 MPa, indicating suitable mechanical properties. In vitro release studies demonstrated a sustained release profile with a dissolution efficiency of 67.74% over 28 days. The release kinetics were best described by the Peppas–Sahlin model during the initial phase and transitioned to the Higuchi model at later stages, suggesting a combination of diffusion- and polymer relaxation-controlled mechanisms. Overall, VAN-loaded NBHA–PLGA–PEG nanofiber implants demonstrate significant potential as a localized and controlled drug delivery platform for osteomyelitis therapy while concurrently supporting bone regeneration.
