Introduction This study evaluated an experimental triple antibiotic paste (EXP) composed of nitrofurantoin (4 mg/g), ciprofloxacin (1 mg/g) and metronidazole (5 mg/g) for regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs), using calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] as a reference.Methods EXP, commercial Hoshino pastes containing ciprofloxacin, metronidazole and minocycline at 1 or 5 mg/g, and a Ca(OH)2 paste were compared in human dental pulp stem cells exposed for 24 h to 0.2 g/mL extracts. Cytotoxicity was assessed by XTT, Neutral Red, Crystal Violet and qualitative Live/Dead imaging. The concentrations of 27 cytokines, chemokines and growth factors in culture supernatants were quantified by multiplex immunoassay. Data were analysed using Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn-Holm post hoc testing.Results EXP maintained approximately 75% metabolic activity and showed a less severe cytotoxic profile than the Hoshino formulations. In Neutral Red, EXP preserved significantly greater lysosomal integrity than Hoshino 1, Hoshino 5 and Ca(OH)2. Live/Dead imaging supported greater preservation of viable cells with EXP. Hoshino 5 significantly reduced IL-2, IL-5 and IL-8, whereas Ca(OH)2 increased IL-6 and reduced IL-1 beta, IL-15, IL-17, VEGF and MIP-1 beta. Hoshino 1 and EXP only differed from untreated control on IP-10, and no differences occurred among medicament-treated groups.Conclusion The nitrofurantoin-based EXP paste demonstrated comparatively improved cytocompatibility toward DPSCs relative to the conventional Hoshino formulations and greater preservation of cell viability than the tested Ca(OH)2 paste under the present experimental conditions. Together with its previously demonstrated antimicrobial activity, these findings support EXP as a promising candidate for further investigation in REPs.
Aim This study aimed to (i) train and compare three convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures for Periapical Index (PAI) scoring on intraoral radiographs, and (ii) assess whether an ensemble of these models improves performance compared with any single architecture.Methods A dataset of 17,549 apex-centred image clips extracted from intraoral radiographs was annotated by a calibrated observer (KW) with PAI scores (1-5) and used to train three CNN architectures (ResNet50, EfficientNet-B3 and ConvNeXt-Tiny) for PAI scoring. The image clips were split 80/20 into training and validation sets, and model selection was based on validation performance of quadratic weighted kappa (QWK). The three CNN models were combined into an equal-weight soft-voting ensemble model, and all four models were evaluated on an independent balanced test set of 200 images (40 per PAI score). QWK was used as the primary outcome metric, and bootstrapping was used to estimate the confidence intervals (CIs). The PAI scale was dichotomized into healthy (PAI 1-2) and diseased (PAI 3-5), and accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and F1 score were calculated.Results The ensemble model achieved the highest performance with a QWK of 0.79 on the test set, followed by EfficientNet-B3 (QWK = 0.77), ResNet50 (QWK = 0.76) and ConvNeXt-Tiny (QWK = 0.70), with overlapping confidence intervals (CIs). For the binary PAI classification, the performance of the three CNN models and the ensemble model was comparable. The ensemble model achieved the following results: accuracy 86%, sensitivity 83%, specificity 90%, PPV 93%, NPV 78% and F1 score 0.88.Conclusion Optimization and evaluation of three CNN models and an ensemble model for PAI scoring showed comparable performance on both the five-class PAI scale and the binary PAI scale on an independent test set. The ensemble model did not show statistically significant improvement over the three individual CNN architectures. The AI models trained and tested in this study are made open-source under the open-source MIT licence.
