In this paper, we explore the dynamics of the three species model with prey, predator and amensal. The first species is the predator, second species is prey which is amensal to thirdspecies (amensal). A constant time lag (tau) is induced in the amensal species. Mathematical model is delineated by the system of delay differential equations. The co-existing state is identified and studied the local dynamics at this point. For tau = 0 the system is locally asymptotically stable. For tau > 0, the system admits instability tendency cause the Hopf bifurcation. The sufficient condition for existence of Hopf bifurcation is derived. The analyticalresults are validated using numerical simulation using constant time lag (tau) as bifurcation parameter. The critical value of the system is identified using MATLAB simulation. For certainvalues the system exhibits unstable nature leads to the Hopf bifurcation.
The current study aims to explore the interconnectedness between financial globalization, information and communication technology (ICT), non-renewable energy consumption, and ecological sustainability in Oman over the quarterly data from 1998Q1 to 2022Q4. While there have been numerous studies that have tested the ecological sustainability determinants in Oman using indicators like carbon emissions (CO2) and ecological footprint, a comprehensive evaluation of the Load Capacity Factor (LCF) in the context of Oman remains notably absent. LCF captures both the supply and demand aspects of nature, offering a better analysis of ecological sustainability. This work fills the gap by examining the impact of financial globalization, ICT, and non-renewable energy on ecological sustainability in the case of Oman. The findings of this work show that ICT has been observed to have a positive effect on environmental sustainability by increasing LCF. Furthermore, we found that financial globalization has a positive impact on LCF, while nonrenewable energy use has been found to have adverse effects on LCF. The findings suggest that policymakers should encourage the use of renewable energy sources and accelerate the transition to digital technologies.
Virtual water (VW) accounting has revealed the scale and structure of global water redistribution through agri-food trade, yet bilateral studies often struggle to demonstrate distinct novelty beyond reporting flows, color composition, and national/global balances. We respond by proposing the Bilateral Resource Integrated Diagnostic for Governance Equity (BRIDGE) paradigm, a transferable and transparent framework that elevates bilateral analyses from descriptive to comparative, testable, and policy tractable. BRIDGE operationalizes six contributions: (a) a Hotspot Dominance Coefficient (HDC) identifying single-commodity concentration and its consequences for bilateral exposure; (b) Asymmetry Ratios (ARs) relating importer savings to exporter losses (and vice versa), rendering hydrosocial inequities measurable; (c) a Net Hydrosocial Imbalance (NHI) that normalizes corridor-level inequity for cross-corridor benchmarking; (d) a Global Inefficiency Measure (GIM) expressing the extent to which bilateral exchanges convert directional savings into net global volumetric loss; (e) a Hotspot-Adjusted Inequity (HAI) that integrates NHI with hotspot concentration to flag single-commodity-driven inequity; and (f) a Net Outcome Index (NOI), a symmetric [-1 +1] indicator summarizing the corridor's bottom-line outcome once savings and losses are jointly accounted for. We demonstrate BRIDGE model on the Italy-Vietnam corridor (2016-2021) using a curated dataset of top-10 HS-4 imports in each direction, consistent with Water Footprint Assessment (WFA) standards. Results confirm a highly concentrated and structurally asymmetric corridor: Italy's savings from Vietnam-sourced crops (notably coffee) average +271.35 & times; 10<^>6 m(3)/yr, while Vietnam's savings from Italy-sourced animal products average +60.77 & times; 10<^>6 m(3)/yr; exporter-side losses are-430.22 & times; 10<^>6 m(3)/yr for Vietnam (crops) and-38.33 & times; 10<^>6 m3/yr for Italy (animal/processed exports), implying a net global loss of approximate to-136 & times; 10<^>6 m(3)/yr across these top flows. Under the BRIDGE paradigm, Italy's HDC (coffee's share in Italy's savings) is 0.901, ARs are 0.631 (Italy savings/Vietnam losses) and 1.585 (Vietnam savings/Italy losses), NHI is 0.909, GIM is 0.411, the hotspot-weighted inequity HAI is approximate to 0.90, and the net corridor outcome NOI is approximate to-0.17. These standardized indices clarify where and why inequities arise and how concentrated exposure undermines resilience. We close with commodity-specific, due-diligence-compatible levers for cleaner production and fairer exchange under the EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (EVFTA), without departing from the rigor of WFA accounting.
Wetlands of the Brahmaputra floodplain support rich waterfowl communities whose foraging ecology reflects the dynamic habitat conditions shaped by seasonal hydrology. This study investigated the dietary composition, foraging behaviour, and niche partitioning of eight duck and goose waterfowl species in Panidihing Bird Sanctuary, Assam, based on three years of field observations (2021-2023) across 13 sites. Direct behavioural sampling, videography, and coexisting habitat measurements were used to document feeding strategies, diet types, and habitat preferences. Waterfowl diversity showed a steady improvement over the study period, with the Shannon-Wiener index rising from H ' = 1.412 (2021) to 1.543 (2022) and 1.745 (2023), indicating an increase in evenness and species balance. Shallow-water zones formed the most important feeding habitat (42% of records), followed by open water (32%) and grasslands (26%). Species exhibited clear trophic and spatial segregation: feeding activity ranged from 16% in Ruddy Shelduck to 37% in Indian Spot-billed Duck, while guild representation showed dominance of dabbling omnivores and aquatic-terrestrial herbivores (25% each). Foraging techniques were led by dabbling (n=8) and diving (n=4), with minor occurrences of surface skimming and kleptoparasitism. Dietary analysis revealed that benthic invertebrates and aquatic plants contributed the highest proportions (22.86% each), followed by fish (20%), while grasses and phytoplankton made up smaller shares (17.14% each). These patterns demonstrate strong niche partitioning determined by morphological traits, water depth preferences, and habitat heterogeneity. The findings highlight the importance of maintaining shallow wetland habitats and natural hydrological regimes to sustain diverse waterfowl assemblages in floodplain ecosystems.
The article examines the impact of international sanctions imposed on Russia on trade relations between East Asian countries and the European Union. The author examines how the sanctions have changed the structure and volume of foreign trade between the EU and China, Japan, and other countries in the region. Changes in energy flows, in particular oil, gas, coal and liquefied natural gas, as well as export-import relations in other areas, such as chemicals and technical equipment, are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the increase in energy exports from Russia to China, which has become the largest importer of Russian energy after the introduction of sanctions. The article also examines changes in economic cooperation between the EU and Japan, which has significantly strengthened trade ties with European countries due to sanctions. It is determined that Japan, which is one of the EU's largest trading partners in East Asia, has significantly reduced its dependence on Russian resources and strengthened its strategic partnership with the EU in such areas as energy security, advanced technologies and innovations. At the same time, the cost of goods imported and exported between Japan and the EU has increased due to market instability and the impact of economic sanctions. The article also analyzes the overall impact of sanctions on the economic strategies of the EU and East Asian countries, emphasizing that the imposition of sanctions against Russia has become an important factor that has changed trade flows, pushing countries to diversify markets and seek new economic opportunities. The impact of sanctions on Russian energy exporters and the reorganization of energy supplies to Europe, where countries have been actively looking for alternative sources of energy, are discussed separately. It is determined that China has managed to significantly strengthen its position in European markets, while Japan has focused on the development of domestic resources and technologies.
