Postpartum intra-uterine contraceptive devices (PPIUCD) are IUCDs that are inserted immediately following the delivery of the placenta or up to 48 hours after birth. The most common complications of PPIUCD are heavy vaginal bleeding, menstrual irregularities, abdominal discomfort, fever, unusual vaginal discharge, missing strings, expulsion, displacement, and rarely perforation. Therefore, the present study was conducted for a comparative evaluation of the incidence of displacement and other complications of PPIUCD inserted after vaginal and cesarean delivery in cases delivered at tertiary care hospitals.: The study was designed as an observational study conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Pt. J.N.M. Medical College and Dr. BRAM Hospital in Raipur, Chhattisgarh. The study spanned from August 2022 to December 2023. The study population was antenatal clients who came to Antenatal OPD or those who got admitted to the labor room to undergo vaginal or cesarean delivery and given consent for PPIUCD insertion. The statistical software SPSS 22.0 was used to analyze the data. The total number of PPIUCD insertions was 5475 (43%). Out of which 2471 (45%), PPIUCD insertions were done after vaginal delivery, and 3004 (55%) were intra-caesarean insertions. PPIUCD was more invaginal PPIUCD group (12%) than caesarean PPIUCD group (3.9%). The present study concludes that PPIUCD is an effective, safe, and convenient intervention both in vaginal and caesarean deliveries.
Obesity is a multifaceted illness linked to numerous pathological conditions, including diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, and certain cancers such as those of the colon, breast, and prostate. With mortality estimates ranging from 105,000 to 405,000 annually and healthcare costs between $138 to $210 billion, obesity has become a major preventable cause of death. This epidemic stems from various factors, including rising income levels, sedentary lifestyles, technological advancements in food production, and the proliferation of fast food. Additional contributors include shifting time preferences, marketing strategies promoting unhealthy foods, and accessibility of health insurance. The review examines the role of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) in contributing to obesity and its related disorders. Ultra-processed foods, rich in sugars, salt, protein isolates, high-fructose syrups, and various additives, dominate modern diets. Their affordability, convenience, and enhanced sensory appeal drive their widespread consumption, especially in nations like the US, UK, and Canada, where UPFs account for over half of daily caloric intake. This over-reliance on UPFs results in nutritionally deficient diets, low in fiber and essential nutrients but high in calories, saturated fats, sugar, and salt. The objective is to explore the categorization of obesity, its associated phenotypes, and the health consequences of UPF consumption, including neurodegenerative conditions, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Public health strategies aimed at reducing UPF consumption, promoting nutritional awareness, and overcoming implementation challenges will be evaluated to address this growing epidemic.
