PURPOSE:To describe children's experiences of using extended reality (XR) distraction, namely virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR), during needle-related procedures. DESIGN AND METHODS:An exploratory, prospective convergent parallel mixed-methods design was employed. Self-reported measures and structured observations conducted in accordance with a predefined protocol were combined with semi-structured interviews. Data were presented using descriptive statistics and synthesized through thematic analysis. RESULTS:Observations were conducted during 29 venipunctures in children using XR distraction. A majority of the children (90%) reported positive experiences with the use of XR distraction. Numerical Rating Scale pain scores (0-10) were low in both groups, with a mean of 1.26 (SD 1.16) for VR and 1.77 (SD 1.79) for AR. Most procedures (62%) were carried out as planned. No child declined the use of the device. Physical restraint was not observed; however, supportive holding was used in 10% of procedures. Four themes were identified through the interviews: Emotional support and comfort, The artificial world becomes reality, A diversified experience, and Usability aspects influencing user experience. CONCLUSION:When appropriately implemented, XR distraction may reduce pain and anxiety among children during needle-related procedures. However, it is not universally effective, underscoring the importance of a child-centered approach that allows children to select their preferred distraction method. Further research is required to determine optimal implementation strategies, assess cost-effectiveness, and clarify the role of XR distraction in delivering high-quality pediatric care during needle-related procedures. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS:The demonstrated benefits of XR distraction during needle-related procedures may encourage healthcare professionals to incorporate such tools into clinical practice. Nevertheless, the findings also emphasize the importance of adopting a child-centered approach, recognizing that XR distraction is not suitable for all children.
PURPOSE:The enhancement of smoking media literacy (SML) is a crucial strategy to mitigate the adverse effects of pro-smoking media messages on adolescents. However, the availability of reliable and valid Korean-language instruments for assessing SML remains limited. Thus, this study aimed to (a) translate and culturally adapt the SML Scale originally developed in English and (b) validate its Korean version among Korean adolescents (N = 638 middle and high schoolers). DESIGN AND METHODS:The process involved (a) developing a pre-final Korean version (PFKV) through translation and cultural adaptation, (b) pilot-testing the PFKV via cognitive debriefing, assessment of translation sufficiency, and content validity testing, (c) conducting exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, and (d) testing psychometric properties. RESULTS:The Korean version of the smoking media literacy scale (K-SMLS) had a two-factor structure, which was consistent with the original scale's theoretical framework. The K-SMLS was highly reliable, showing Cronbach's alpha values exceeding 0.8 for the overall scale and its subscales. It also demonstrated satisfactory convergent validity with media literacy and critical thinking disposition, and concurrent validity with current smoking and smoking normative beliefs. These relationships were statistically significant and in the expected directions, consistent with those found in the literature. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS:The use of K-SMLS can contribute to identifying adolescents at risk from pro-smoking media messages, providing targeted educational interventions, facilitating comparisons of intervention effects across studies and the drawing of informed conclusions, and developing strategies to enhance SML.
Purpose Many positive outcomes of extracurricular activities on children and adolescents have been explored. However, research on the protective role of extracurricular activities on children's bullying is limited. The current study explored whether participating in extracurricular activities moderates the association between bullying victimization and skipping classes, receiving lower grades, and fighting in school.Design and Methods The sample includes 6199 adolescents from the National Crime Victimization Survey. Analyses included descriptive statistics, linear regression, and binary logistic regression.Results Results partially supported the hypothesis that participating in extracurricular activities would moderate the association between bullying and school outcomes. Participating in extracurricular activities was found to moderate the association between bullying victimization and receiving lower grades. In other words, adolescents who participate in extracurricular activities are less likely to receive lower grades, even when bullied, which might suggest that such participation can motivate them to stay focused on their academics. Participating in extracurricular activities, however, did not moderate the association between bullying victimization and skipping classes. Participating in extracurricular activities was also not found to moderate the association between bullying victimization and fighting in school.Practice Implications The current study highlights the need for further research on the role of extracurricular activities in school bullying, with implications for school-based practice.
PURPOSE:Most adolescents fail to meet the guidelines for 60 min daily of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Movement dispersion provides an alternative approach to evaluating daily physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) patterns. Total movement dispersion calculates the spread of PA across the day, considering intensity, while pure movement dispersion calculates the spread as general movement regardless of intensity. Promoting bouts of PA across the day provides a way to infuse movement and create breaks in prolonged SB. Motivational interviewing is a behavioral counseling technique that focuses on motivation for healthy behavior changes. This study examined the influence of motivational interviewing on changes in pure and total movement dispersion among adolescents. DESIGN AND METHODS:This study conducted a secondary analysis of prior research employing motivational interviewing to increase bouts of MVPA and reduce prolonged SB (> 60 min). Participants wore an Actigraph GT3X+ accelerometer on their dominant wrist for 7 days to measure PA and SB pre- and post-intervention. Movement dispersion was calculated from the raw output. RESULTS:A total of 19 participants were included: 14-17 years old, 65% female, and 70% white. The treatment group did not show a significant change in either pure (p = 0.721) or total movement dispersion (p = 0.898) but demonstrated a moderate effect size related to the attention control group (d = 0.708-0.723). PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS:Nurses can encourage adolescents to disperse PA throughout the day to positively impact movement behaviors and reduce prolonged SB. Future research should examine the relationships between movement dispersion and health outcomes, including sleep, quality of life, and non-communicable diseases.
PURPOSE:Fathers are prone to suboptimal bonding with their preterm infants, but little is known about the roles that father and infant variables might play in the suboptimal bonding. This gap in knowledge limits the ability of nurses to identify and assist fathers at risk of suboptimal bonding. This study aims to identify (1) the bonding levels of fathers to their preterm infants hospitalized in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) and (2) the association between father and infant variables and bonding of fathers to their preterm infants hospitalized in (NICUs). DESIGN AND METHODS:This is a secondary data analysis from a parent study in which we recruited 396 fathers using a cross-sectional quantitative design across United States. In the original study, we recruited 396 fathers of preterm infants over 5 months (September 2022 to January 2023). We used self-reported measures to collect data specific to fathers and infant variables and bonding using Paternal Postnatal Attachment Scale. RESULTS:In this sample, 73.12 ± 10.32 represents the average level of bonding for fathers of preterm infants. Additionally, low household income, previous preterm infants, and current multiple-birth infants were significantly associated with low bonding levels for fathers of preterm infants. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS:Results indicate a necessity to further support fathers' needs to bond with preterm infants in the NICU. Specifically, nurses can screen to identify fathers who are at risk for low bonding and provide at-risk fathers with an adequate degree of support like referral to social support.
