This study examines how family structure and cohesion affect immigrant adolescents' well-being (depression, self-esteem, and academic performance), using data from the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study (CILS), (N = 3,413, Mage = 14.15, SD = 0.83, male 47%, and female 53%). Guided by Family Strength Theory, linear multiple regression analyses revealed that family cohesion served as a key mediator between family structure and well-being, while its moderating effect was limited. Adolescents from intact families reported higher self-esteem and academic performance but also slightly higher depression scores compared to peers from single-parent or blended families. Single-parent and blended family structures were positively associated with depression and negatively associated with academic performance, though associations with self-esteem were weak or nonsignificant. Gender differences were evident that females reported higher depression and slightly lower self-esteem but outperformed males academically. Ethnicity showed small but significant effects, with certain backgrounds linked to slightly higher depression scores, while ethnicity was positively related to self-esteem. Higher parental acculturation was associated with slightly more depression. Mother's education level was negatively related to self-esteem, whereas father's education and parental acculturation were nonsignificant predictors. Both parents' education levels were positively associated with academic achievement, while parental acculturation demonstrated a small but significant negative association. Cette & eacute;tude examine comment la structure familiale et la coh & eacute;sion influencent le bien-& ecirc;tre des adolescents immigrants (d & eacute;pression, estime de soi et performance acad & eacute;mique), en utilisant les donn & eacute;es de l'& eacute;tude longitudinale Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study (CILS) (N = 3 413, M & acirc;ge = 14,15, & Eacute;T = 0,83, gar & ccedil;ons 47 %, filles 53 %). Guid & eacute;e par la th & eacute;orie des forces familiales, les analyses de r & eacute;gression lin & eacute;aire multiple ont r & eacute;v & eacute;l & eacute; que la coh & eacute;sion familiale joue un r & ocirc;le cl & eacute; de m & eacute;diateur entre la structure familiale et le bien-& ecirc;tre, tandis que son effet mod & eacute;rateur reste limit & eacute;. Les adolescents issus de familles intactes ont d & eacute;clar & eacute; une estime de soi et des performances acad & eacute;miques plus & eacute;lev & eacute;es, mais & eacute;galement des scores de d & eacute;pression l & eacute;g & egrave;rement sup & eacute;rieurs par rapport & agrave; leurs pairs issus de familles monoparentales ou recompos & eacute;es. Les structures familiales monoparentales et recompos & eacute;es & eacute;taient positivement associ & eacute;es & agrave; la d & eacute;pression et n & eacute;gativement associ & eacute;es & agrave; la performance acad & eacute;mique, avec des liens plus faibles ou non significatifs avec l'estime de soi. Des diff & eacute;rences li & eacute;es au genre & eacute;taient & eacute;videntes: les filles ont rapport & eacute; une d & eacute;pression plus & eacute;lev & eacute;e et une estime de soi l & eacute;g & egrave;rement plus faible, mais ont surpass & eacute; les gar & ccedil;ons sur le plan acad & eacute;mique. L'ethnicit & eacute; a montr & eacute; des effets faibles mais significatifs, certaines origines & eacute;tant li & eacute;es & agrave; des scores de d & eacute;pression l & eacute;g & egrave;rement plus & eacute;lev & eacute;s, tandis que l'ethnicit & eacute; & eacute;tait positivement associ & eacute;e & agrave; l'estime de soi. Une acculturation parentale plus & eacute;lev & eacute;e & eacute;tait associ & eacute;e & agrave; une d & eacute;pression l & eacute;g & egrave;rement plus importante. Le niveau d'& eacute;ducation de la m & egrave;re & eacute;tait n & eacute;gativement li & eacute; & agrave; l'estime de soi, tandis que l'& eacute;ducation du p & egrave;re et l'acculturation parentale n'& eacute;taient pas des pr & eacute;dicteurs significatifs. Les niveaux d'& eacute;ducation des deux parents & eacute;taient positivement associ & eacute;s & agrave; la r & eacute;ussite acad & eacute;mique, tandis que l'acculturation parentale pr & eacute;sentait une association n & eacute;gative faible mais significative.
Mindfulness scientists have developed relationship-specific trait mindfulness measures to assess individuals' inclination to be mindful in intimate partner interactions. However, there is a lack of consensus regarding a robust trait mindfulness measure in couples or romantic relationships. Therefore, this review sought to identify existing relationship-specific mindfulness measures, examine their psychometric strength and limitations, and provide relevant recommendations. Our rigorous search of articles published between 2013 and 2023 yielded ten relevant studies out of 2411. These ten studies included three uni- and four multi-dimensional measures. The unidimensional measures, such as the Relationship Mindfulness Measure (RMM) and Interpersonal Mindfulness Scale (IMS), were found to be mostly cited and validated. All four multi-dimensional measures and the Attentive Awareness in Relationships Scale (AAIRS) lack evidence of how closely scores on the measures correlate with behavior as measured. Despite good internal consistency, reliability, and content validity, all four multi-dimensional measures and RMM lack a comprehensive evaluation of measurement properties, including test-retest reliability, measurement error, hypothesis testing, and responsiveness. The findings of this review highlight the need for more empirical studies, particularly in collectivistic cultural settings, to confirm the validity and reliability of the selected instruments and to guide future research in this area. Les chercheurs en pleine conscience ont & eacute;labor & eacute; des mesures sp & eacute;cifiques au contexte relationnel afin d'& eacute;valuer la tendance des individus & agrave; & ecirc;tre attentifs et conscients dans leurs interactions avec un partenaire intime. Toutefois, il n'existe pas encore de consensus sur un instrument robuste permettant de mesurer ce trait de pleine conscience au sein des couples ou des relations amoureuses. Ainsi, cette revue visait & agrave; identifier les outils existants de mesure de la pleine conscience relationnelle, & agrave; examiner leur solidit & eacute; psychom & eacute;trique et leurs limites, et & agrave; formuler des recommandations pertinentes. Notre recherche approfondie, portant sur des articles publi & eacute;s entre 2013 et 2023, a permis d'identifier dix & eacute;tudes pertinentes sur 2411. Ces dix & eacute;tudes comprenaient trois mesures unidimensionnelles et quatre mesures multidimensionnelles. Les mesures unidimensionnelles, telles que le Relationship Mindfulness Measure (RMM) et l'Interpersonal Mindfulness Scale (IMS), sont celles qui ont & eacute;t & eacute; le plus souvent cit & eacute;es et valid & eacute;es. Les quatre mesures multidimensionnelles ainsi que l'Attentive Awareness in Relationships Scale (AAIRS) manquent de donn & eacute;es d & eacute;montrant dans quelle mesure les scores obtenus correspondent effectivement aux comportements mesur & eacute;s. Malgr & eacute; une bonne coh & eacute;rence interne, une fiabilit & eacute; et une validit & eacute; de contenu satisfaisantes, les quatre mesures multidimensionnelles et le RMM ne disposent pas d'une & eacute;valuation compl & egrave;te de leurs propri & eacute;t & eacute;s m & eacute;trologiques, notamment en ce qui concerne la fid & eacute;lit & eacute; test-retest, l'erreur de mesure, la v & eacute;rification d'hypoth & egrave;ses et la r & eacute;activit & eacute;. Les r & eacute;sultats de cette revue soulignent la n & eacute;cessit & eacute; de mener davantage d'& eacute;tudes empiriques, en particulier dans des contextes culturels collectivistes, afin de confirmer la validit & eacute; et la fiabilit & eacute; des instruments retenus et d'orienter les recherches futures dans ce domaine.
Given the persistent strong correlation between marriage and fertility in South Korea, this study examined the importance of the timing of marriage and childbirth concerning second childbearing. Using a nationally representative sample of women (N = 7,382) and employing discrete-time hazard modeling, the study found that women who experienced pregnancy before marriage were more likely to have a second child compared to those who conceived after marriage. This association is partially influenced by factors such as women with bridal pregnancies being more likely to marry early, having children at a younger age, or exiting the workforce after marriage. The findings underscore the challenges of balancing work and family responsibilities among women in South Korea and highlight the imperative for socio-institutional reforms aimed at providing better support for women in this regard. & Eacute;tant donn & eacute; la corr & eacute;lation persistante et forte entre le mariage et la fertilit & eacute; en Cor & eacute;e du Sud, cette & eacute;tude examine l'importance du timing du mariage et de la naissance d'enfants en ce qui concerne la naissance d'un second enfant. En utilisant un & eacute;chantillon repr & eacute;sentatif & agrave; l'& eacute;chelle nationale de femmes (N = 7 382) et en employant un mod & egrave;le de risque en temps discret, l'& eacute;tude a r & eacute;v & eacute;l & eacute; que les femmes ayant v & eacute;cu une grossesse avant le mariage & eacute;taient plus susceptibles d'avoir un second enfant par rapport & agrave; celles ayant con & ccedil;u apr & egrave;s le mariage. Cette association est partiellement influenc & eacute;e par des facteurs tels que le fait que les femmes ayant des grossesses avant le mariage sont plus susceptibles de se marier t & ocirc;t, d'avoir des enfants & agrave; un & acirc;ge plus jeune ou de quitter le march & eacute; du travail apr & egrave;s le mariage. Les r & eacute;sultats soulignent les d & eacute;fis li & eacute;s & agrave; l'& eacute;quilibre entre le travail et les responsabilit & eacute;s familiales chez les femmes en Cor & eacute;e du Sud et mettent en lumi & egrave;re l'imp & eacute;ratif de r & eacute;formes socio-institutionnelles visant & agrave; fournir un meilleur soutien aux femmes & agrave; cet & eacute;gard.
While there is an extensive literature on cross-country differences in the labor force participation of parents (especially women) with young children that is primarily focused on structural explanatory factors, relatively little is known about attitudes toward maternal and paternal employment. This study used two waves of the European Social Survey (ESS), (2006/07 and 2018/19) to examine whether and how attitudes toward parents of young children remaining in full-time employment have changed in Spain and Sweden, two countries belonging to different gendered regimes, between the two survey points in time. Societal consensus on maternal full-time employment became more widespread in both countries, although it remained higher in Sweden. Moreover, Swedish society's approval of maternal full-time employment is even higher than that of paternal full-time employment nowadays, but mothers of young children employed full time continue to have lower approval rates than their male counterparts in Spain. Multivariate analyses have shown that differences in approving attitudes by age and educational level have been non-existent between the two waves of the ESS in Sweden, while differences remain significant among certain age groups and social strata in Spain. The study's results indicate that young people, especially young women, are the most supportive of mothers with young children working full time. Better educated women were found to be the most reluctant to approve of men remaining in full-time employment during the early years of their children's lives. These results corroborate that change in favor of a more egalitarian family life model is limited to specific, self-selected innovative groups (such as the youngest and most educated) in countries like Spain, where combining work and parenthood is still perceived as a woman's task, rather than as a social norm for both women and men that needs to be promoted and facilitated by state policies, as is the case in Sweden. De nombreuses & eacute;tudes comparent la participation au march & eacute; du travail des parents de jeunes enfants (notamment celle des femmes) dans diff & eacute;rents pays et la plupart d'entre elles se concentrent sur les facteurs structurels qui expliquent ces diff & eacute;rences. On en sait cependant peu sur la variation entre pays des attitudes sur le travail r & eacute;mun & eacute;r & eacute; des m & egrave;res et des p & egrave;res de jeunes enfants. Cette & eacute;tude utilise deux vagues de l'European Social Survey (ESS), celles de 2006-2007 et celle de 2008-2019, pour examiner si, et comment, les attitudes sur l'emploi & agrave; temps plein des parents de jeunes enfants ont & eacute;volu & eacute; en Espagne et en Su & egrave;de, deux pays qui se distinguent par leur r & eacute;gime de genre, entre les moments des deux vagues. L'emploi & agrave; temps plein des m & egrave;res est devenu plus accept & eacute; dans les deux pays, m & ecirc;me s'il demeurait plus & eacute;lev & eacute; en Su & egrave;de qu'en Espagne. De plus, l'acceptation de l'emploi & agrave; temps plein des m & egrave;res est maintenant plus & eacute;lev & eacute;e que celle des p & egrave;res en Su & egrave;de, alors que le contraire demeure vrai en Espagne. Les analyses multivari & eacute;es montrent que les diff & eacute;rences d'attitudes selon l'& acirc;ge et le niveau d'& eacute;ducation sont inexistantes entre les deux vagues de l'ESS en Su & egrave;de, alors qu'elles demeurent significatives dans certains groupes d'& acirc;ge et certaines strates sociales en Espagne. Nos r & eacute;sultats montrent que l'approbation de l'emploi & agrave; temps plein des m & egrave;res de jeunes enfants est el plus & eacute;lev & eacute;e chez les jeunes, et surtout les jeunes femmes. Les femmes les plus instruites sont les moins susceptibles d'approuver l'emploi & agrave; temps plein des p & egrave;res de jeunes enfants. Ces r & eacute;sultats corroborent l'id & eacute;e que dans un pays comme l'Espagne o & ugrave; combiner l'emploi et le fait d'avoir des enfants est encore per & ccedil;u comme une t & acirc;che f & eacute;minine, l'& eacute;volution vers un mod & egrave;le & eacute;galitaire de la famille se limite & agrave; certains groupes innovateurs (comme les jeunes et les plus instruits), alors qu'en Su & egrave;de, cette combinaison est per & ccedil;ue comme une norme sociale qui vaut pour les hommes comme pour les femmes et est soutenue et encourag & eacute;e par des politiques publiques.
This study examines the mechanisms through which grandparental resources and advantages increase the opportunities of grandchildren to access college, using longitudinal data from Japan. It also focuses on the heterogeneity in the transmission of grandparental advantages by lineage and gender. Although recent studies of social mobility have increasingly recognized the accumulation of inequality across multiple generations, relatively few studies have identified the underlying mechanisms or explored the roles of extended family structures in shaping multigenerational mobility. To advance this line of inquiry, we investigate how grandparental resources and contact are associated with grandchildren's college enrollment in Japan-a context characterized by strong intergenerational ties and mutual support. We draw on two key mechanisms to explain multigenerational social mobility: the contact-based and noncontact-based mechanisms. In addition, we examine variation by grandparents' lineage and gender. Our findings show that contact with paternal grandparents and grandfathers on both sides facilitates the transmission of their advantages to grandchildren, whereas no such pattern is observed for maternal grandmothers. These results underscore the importance of contact with grandfathers and patrilineal lineages in shaping multigenerational mobility in Japan. This contrasts with studies based on U.S. data, which emphasize the role of grandmothers. To deepen our understanding of multigenerational mobility, future research should shed light on how grandparental contact and resources operate across diverse family and societal settings.
