Vegetables are important constituents of Indian agriculture and nutritional security due to their short duration, high yield, nutritional richness, economic viability and ability to generate on-farm and off-farm employment. The fungal diseases are serious threats to vegetable crop production. The leaf spot infection can result in chlorosis, defoliation, and a decline in the photosynthetic capacity of plant, potentially reducing fruit yield by up to 100% loss. During this investigation the genetic diversity of leaf spot pathogen, the infected samples were collected from different localities of Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar in Kharif and Rabi season of 2023-2024. It was found that the five different leaf spot pathogens via; Cladosporium cladosporioides-1, Cladosporium cladosporioides-2, Curvularia crepinii, Curvularia geniculata and Macrophomina pseudophaseolina from different localities were shows the morphological as well as genetic diversity among each other. The genetic variability in the leaf spot pathogen isolates may be due to difference in geographical and environmental conditions. The ITS primer is used to analysis, it was found diversity among leaf spot pathogen isolates at molecular characterization. The phylogenetic analysis using ITS Primer showed the grouping of leaf spot pathogen isolates strictly according to their cultural characteristics and degree of pathogenicity and not the geographical origin.
Water quality is a canonical group of physical, chemical, and biological properties of the given water. The environment and its compartments have been severely polluted by heavy metals and plastic waste. This has compromised the ability of the environment to foster life and render its intrinsic values. Human population increase and consistent demand for heavy metals and plastic products are responsible for the continuous increase in the production of plastic and heavy waste and its accompanied environmental pollution. Biological indicators help in indicating and monitoring the health of the environment. Here, an overview of recent achievements in checking water quality and water pollution trends has been summarized. Papers that reported environmental and public health effects related to plastic-heavy pollutants have also been reviewed. The research for this article intends to further facilitate the R&D initiatives of Jozbiz Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
Currently, every country is striving to realize development for its people. Thus, to achieve this there is a need for ensuring access to reliable energy at all levels. The world is currently relying on the use of non-renewable energy such as fuels, and coal. However, these sources are not environmental friendly. Thus, renewable energy sources such as hydropower, solar energy, geothermal, and biofuels must be emphasized to replace the use of non-renewable energies. People need to understand well the relationship between energy resources and the environment. This paper, therefore, aims at providing the nexus of energy resources and the environment. To achieve this, the author has explained well the concept of energy and energy resources; energy uses and energy efficiency and energy security. Moreover, the author has discussed the impact of energy resources on the environment. Finally, energy savings and practices to best energy use; use of technologies to reduce the pollutant emissions in the atmosphere; and investment in renewable technologies are needed for attaining sustainable energy and environment.
Medicinal plants are known in prevention and curing of diseases. Contamination of medicinal plants by heavy metals is one of the factors affecting quality of medicinal products from medicinal plants. Heavy metals may enter the edible and medicinal plants through contaminated environment such as water bodies, air or soil. Hibiscus sabdariffa calyces and Moringa oleifera leaves are used in Tanzania as nutritional and disease-remedial herbal drinks. This study assessed heavy metal contamination of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyces and Moringa oleifera leaves collected from Dodoma region (Vikonje, Msanga, Nzuguni A and Nzuguni B village), Pwani region (Kongowe and Chalinze village) and Shinyanga region (Mwime village). Lead, arsenic, chromium, cadmium and mercury were analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Microsoft excel 2010 software were used to analyze the means of heavy metal concentrations. Levels of chromium in the calyces and leaves of H. sabdariffa and M. oleifera ranged between 0.029-0.221 ppm and 0.019-0.088 ppm respectively while Arsenic was 0.096-0.204 ppm and 0.096-0.219 ppm, respectively. Mercury and Lead were found only in leaves of M. oleifera, mercury was between 0.017 ppm and 0.042 ppm and lead was 0.056 ppm. Cadmium was not detected in all plant materials. The concentrations of heavy metals in the selected samples were statistically significant at (P˂0.05). M. oleifera leaves and H. sabdariffa calyces, collected from different regions, had the low levels of heavy metals than recommended limits provided by the Tanzania Medicine and Medical Devices Authority (TMDA) and WHO.
The study was aimed at finding the effectiveness of a physical method of controlling filariasis vector larvae. Four ovillanta traps were placed in four different sites (north, south, west and east) of Gwale Local Government area of Kano state. The eggs and immature stage(larvae) of the filariasis vector were collected and destroyed. A total of 134667 larvae were collected altogether. 25% from site A, 23% from site B, 28% from site C and 24% from site D.The finding of the study shows that ovillanta trap is an effective method in controlling filariasis vector.
