Reactive oxygen species (ROS), are highly reactive molecules formed as a natural by-product during cellular metabolism primarily within the mitochondrial matrix. Excessive production of ROS may cause serious illnesses like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. The therapeutic drugs currently available in the market for the treatment of these illnesses have larger systemic effects and a variety of adverse effects. Therefore, it is important to identify an alternative way of delivering drugs in the form of nanomedicine, which has low cost, great efficacy, fewer side effects, and narrower systemic effects. Nanoparticles have the potential to deliver drugs at specific targeted sites and can be used as new therapy methods for the treatment of various diseases and can also be used in diagnostic methods. This review paper aims to examine the synthesis of nanomedicine, its delivery methods within the body and its mechanism of action against ROS-induced diseases. The findings of our study suggest that nanomedicine-based therapy may be a very effective method in the treatment of cancer, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. However, nanomedicine raises a variety of safety concerns, including the risk of toxicity and persistence in the tissues of humans.
Niclosamide (NSD) is a widely known anthelmintic agent that has garnered attention in recent times due to its therapeutic potential in metabolic, viral, and oncological disorders. Although its clinical translation continues to be restricted owing to low aqueous solubility and poor bioavailability. The study is focused on developing and optimizing rhamnolipid-modified liposomes loaded with niclosamide for enhancing the solubility, stability, and release profile. The liposomes were formulated by the thin-film hydration method, and Box-Behnken Design was used for optimizing concentrations of hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine (HSPC), cholesterol, and soybean oil. The optimized formulation showed high drug content (80.94 %) and a small vesicle size (149.2 nm), with a polydispersity index of 0.261 and a zeta potential of-14.2 mV, suggesting uniformity and stability. The structural (FTIR) and XRD studies exhibited drug integrity and amorphization, whereas thermal (DSC) suggested a reduction in crystallization after incorporation into liposomes. The sustained release behaviour of NSD from the liposomal formulation was observed in drug release studies. Stability analysis showed an insignificant reduction in entrapment efficiency, verifying the robustness of the formulation. Overall, the outcomes of the study exhibit a novel lipid-based delivery system that considerably improves NSD sustained release behaviour and stability, presenting a potential approach for enhancing therapeutic effectiveness, whereas evading the limitations of traditional formulations.
The incorporation of metal oxide nanoparticles into magnesium oxide (MgO) powder enhances its supercapacitor performance. This study investigates the influence of cooper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) incorporated into magnesium oxide (MgO) powder on the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors. Magnesium oxide (MgO), Copper Oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs), and their composite (MgO/CuO) were synthesized and evaluated under both three-and two-electrode configurations. Structural, morphological, and electrochemical characterizations were performed to assess the effect of CuO addition. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the successful integration of CuO into the MgO matrix, accompanied by notable changes in crystallinity and particle morphology. Electrochemical performance was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The MgO/CuO composite demonstrated a markedly enhanced specific capacitance of 444.4 F/g at 2 A/g in a three-electrode system, significantly higher than individual MgO and CuO. The composite retained 96.8% capacitance after 5000 GCD cycles, showing excellent cyclic stability. EIS results revealed low series resistance, fast ion diffusion, and improved charge-transfer kinetics. The enhanced performance is attributed to the synergistic interaction between MgO and CuO, which improves surface activity, electron transport, and structural stability, thereby establishing MgO/CuO as a promising, cost-effective, and environmentally benign electrode material for next-generation high-performance supercapacitors.
The catalytic liquid-phase Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime to S-caprolactam has been effectively achieved using ZSM-5 nanoparticles as catalysts. Comprehensive characterization of the catalysts was performed by utilizing techniques such as DLS, XRD, FT-IR, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms and NMR analysis. A systematic investigation of key reaction parameters, including the concentration of cyclohexanone oxime, catalyst loading, reaction temperature, and catalyst reusability, was conducted to optimize the catalytic process. The results demonstrate that the ZSM-5 nanoparticles aged at 80 degrees C for 24 hAand calcined at 550 degrees C for 5 h (denoted as ZSM-5(50)-24/c) exhibited superior catalytic performance, achieving the highest conversion of cyclohexanone oxime and exceptional selectivity for Scaprolactam under optimized conditions. The optimum reaction conditions are 0.10 g of ZSM-5(50)-24/c catalyst, cyclohexanone oxime concentration of 100 mmol and the reaction temperature of 120 degrees C. This catalytic system offers notable advantages, including environmental sustainability, straightforward separation, and efficient catalyst recovery and recyclability. These features make it a promising approach for industrial applications in S-caprolactam production, aligning with the green chemistry principle.
The poor solubility of several active pharmaceutical ingredients is a major challenge that compromises bioavailability and pharmacological responses. Nanosuspensions have emerged as an effective technology for enhancing drug solubility and the dissolution rate of the drug. This review critically explores the formulation strategies, including bottom-up, top-down, and combinative techniques, and solidification methods such as spray drying and lyophilization. A detailed evaluation of key stability challenges-aggregation, Ostwald ripening, and crystal growth-is provided, along with mechanistic insights into electrostatic, steric, and electrosteric stabilization. The manuscript emphasizes how stabilizer type and concentration significantly influence the physical stability and performance of nanosuspensions. Characterization parameters such as particle size, zeta potential, saturation solubility, and crystallinity transitions are discussed to ensure optimal formulation quality. Additionally, recent advancements in route-specific nanosuspension applications and selected clinical trial data underscore the evolving relevance of this approach. The review concludes by outlining future directions for enhancing long-term stability and expanding therapeutic applications.
