Definition of biological activity, which results in a biological property, is still inspired by conventional Fischer’s ‘lock- and-key’ model. This model explains how the correctly sized key (ligand) should fits into the keyhole (receptor) in an analogical manner. During Electromagnetic Information Transfer (EMIT), property of original molecule delivers either to water or target biological entity. In cases that water receives a property via EMIT, it imitates the original agonist, while no longer has the molecule inside it. The recent concept is known as “Water Memory (WM)”. EMIT and WM, challenge the currently admired scientific paradigm (lock-and-key model), which addresses the necessity of structural conformity of interacting molecules. Considering the fact that replicability of EMIT and WM related empirical studies are not always confirmed, these propositions are mostly labelled as “pseudoscience”. To evaluate the authenticity of labelling EMIT and WM as pseudoscience, we debated the scientific accuracy of EMIT phenomenon with demarcation criteria. Either of the agreement or disagreements of the proposed propositions, which explain EMIT and WM, evaluated and scored by Delphi analysis. Results of our Delphi analysis confirm that some of the propositions that explain EMIT or WM, splendidly pass the prerequisites of demarcation criteria. Therefore, labelling the aforementioned propositions as pseudoscience is content to perfunctory generalization, which needs to be revised. Further investigation of the propositions that merited demarcation criteria, helps to establish a scientific framework that explains ground-breaking aspects of EMIT and WM phenomena.
Despite the tremendous importance of catalysis for all types of chemistry and biochemistry, there is still a huge gap in detailed knowledge of the processes and reaction intermediates on the surfaces of the catalysts or inside. The combination of conventional and Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) enhanced solid-state NMR spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, chemical modelling and quantum chemical calculations, often loosely summarized as NMR crystallography, has evolved into one of the most powerful characterization tools to fill this gap and study solid catalysts and chemical processes on their surface or the active center of an enzyme. These techniques give an unprecedented view in the chemistry of immobilized homogeneous transition metal catalysts, supported e.g. on silica or crystalline nanocellulose (CNC) or polymer based core shell structures as carriers or reactants and reaction intermediates on transition metal nanoparticles (MNPs). The contribution presents recent examples from our group about solid-state NMR spectroscopic characterizations of mono- or binuclear Rhodium, Ruthenium and Iridium catalysts and a Nickel containing enzyme. The focus is set to the immobilization of Wilkinsons’s type catalyst and the dirhodium-acetate dimer (Rh2ac4). These are linked covalently to high-surface silica or crystalline nanocellulose support materials, employing amine, phosphine, pyridyl or carboxyl functions on the surface of the support materials or mesoporous silica supports. Combinations of 13C-, 15N-, 29Si- and 31P- CP MAS, J-resolved 31P- MAS and HETCOR solid-state NMR techniques are employed to monitor the preparation of the catalyst. Moreover, by DNP enhanced solid-state NMR it is feasible to detect different carboxyl and amine binding sites in natural abundance at a fast time scale.
Alcohol is an organic compound with at least one hydroxyl functional group (-OH) attached to a saturated carbon atom. The term alcohol originally refers to the primary alcohol ethanol (ethanol), used as a medicine, and is the main alcohol present in alcoholic beverages. An important class of alcohols, in which methanol and ethanol are the simplest members, including all compounds with the general formula CnH2n+1OH. The suffix - ol appears in the IUPAC chemical names of all substances, where hydroxyl is the functional group with the highest priority.
Polymer flooding is a set Enhance Oil Recovery (EOR) which is considered as best candidate for the mature hydrocarbon reservoir. Many polymer flooding projects been carried on successfully around the world, but there are still non understood effects of polymer flooding. One of the main effects is the polymer injectivity loss or polymer plugging which is the major affecting factor on the reservoir. The increase in polymer viscosity injection is a major influence for polymer injectivity reduction, as well others mechanism such as; mechanical, debris, permeability reduction, and water quality. In this research some effects of polymer injectivity concentration time-variation are investigated as following: Polymer entrapment during polymer injectivity, left debris in the reservoir, polymer rheology, mechanical degradation, and permeability reduction are the main effecting factors. When the liquid rate decreased in function of polymer injectivity time-variation phase change concentration, production rate has improved in function of time-variation phase change. The dynamic change of reservoir in each iteration step is updated to achieve stable, reliable and continuous characterization of reservoir permeability changes, and objectively reflects the changes in the permeability of long term polymer flooding reservoirs and the effects of oil-water motion laws. The stability and reliability of the reservoir numerical results are guaranteed.
