This study aimed to examine the effect of capacity building and empowerment among private security providers on crime prevention in Lurambi Sub-County, Kenya. The study was necessitated by private security providers' presence and use to protect life, property, and maintenance of law and order in Lurambi Sub-County, Kakamega County, Kenya. The Routine Activity and Situational Crime Prevention Theories of criminology informed the study. The study adopted descriptive and correlational research designs. The primary target population constituted 358 respondents, both male and female, drawn from six registered and regulated private security service providers in Lurambi Sub-County, 5 senior police officers in charge of security, police administration, and 4 police stations across Lurambi Sub-County, and 133 clients of private security services. Purposive sampling was used to identify the 6 registered and licensed private security firms which provided the study population. Proportionate sampling with a statistical framework of 30% was used to identify 108 private security service providers who formed the sample size to ensure that the private security officers from the 6 firms were represented in the same proportion that they existed within the population. Questionnaires were used to collect data from three groups of respondents, including 108 private security officers, 6 managers each in charge of each private security firm that participated in the study, and 40 clients sampled from the 6 private security firms that participated in the study. Interview guides were used to collect data from 5 senior police officers in charge of security, police administration, and 4 police stations spread across Lurambi Sub-County. The study findings revealed that private security service providers were not empowered to the required level and this negatively affected their capacity in crime prevention activities where they were deployed to secure lives and property. The study recommended that private security service providers enhance capacity building, skills transfer and empowerment among their staff for enhanced crime prevention. Key Terms: Capacity Building, Empowerment, Private Security, Crime Prevention DOI: 10.7176/JRDM/93-05 Publication date: March 31 st 2024
This research aims to examine and analyze the influence of Work Environment, Compensation, and Work Motivation on Employee Performance, with Job Satisfaction as an intervening variable, in the Tax Court Secretariat. Data collection was conducted through questionnaire distribution among a sample of 81 permanent employees of the Tax Court Secretariat. The data analysis method employed in this study is the Component-Based Structural Equation Modeling or Variance-Based Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), utilizing the Smart-PLS version 3.0 software. The findings of this research confirm that Work Environment has a partially positive and significant impact on Employee Performance, Compensation has a partially negative and non-significant effect on Employee Performance, Work Motivation has a partially positive and significant influence on Employee Performance, Job Satisfaction has a partially positive and significant effect on Employee Performance, Work Environment has a partially positive and non-significant impact on Job Satisfaction, Compensation has a partially negative and non-significant influence on Job Satisfaction, Work Motivation has a partially positive and significant effect on Job Satisfaction, Work Environment has a partially positive and non-significant effect on Employee Performance with Job Satisfaction as a mediator, Compensation has a partially negative and non-significant impact on Employee Performance with Job Satisfaction as a mediator, Work Motivation has a partially positive and non-significant influence on Employee Performance with Job Satisfaction as a mediator. Keywords: Work Environment, Compensation, Work Motivation, Employee Performance, Job Satisfaction DOI: 10.7176/JRDM/94-02 Publication date: May 31 st 2024
The establishment of the Village Land Councils in Tanzania intended to resolve land based conflicts either among farmers or between farmers and pastoralists. Rural people in Tanzania have been affected with such endless conflicts which have brought social and economic chaos in the respective communities. The study focuses on assessing the institutional capacity of the VLC in managing land use conflicts between farmers and pastoralists in Mbarali, Tunduru and Kilosa districts. Key informant interviews and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data from the land and legal officers working in the District Authorities, Village Chairpersons, Village Executive Officers and members of the Village Land Councils respectively. NVivo software 14 was used to analyze the qualitative data. The results depicted that Village Land Councils had played a significant role in resolving land based conflicts between farmers and pastoralists through mediation. However, inability to enforce VLCs' decisions makes the organs weak and thus encouraging endless violence in rural communities. The study suggests for the need of reviewing the land policy and land act in order to add more powers for the VLCs in order to enhance accountability and rule of law in the marginalized communities where formal judiciary services are not available and accessible. Keywords: Farmers and Pastoralists Conflicts, Village Land Council, Institutional Capacity, Mediation Services DOI: 10.7176/JRDM/94-03 Publication date: May 31 st 2024
The performance of road construction projects in Ghana is marred by a slew of issues that harm the contracting parties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of contractors' human capacity on Performance of road implementation in Twifo Atti Morkwa District. The hybrid methodology used in this study combines qualitative and quantitative research techniques. Quantitative data supported the results of thematic analysis, which was used to analyse qualitative data. To ascertain the connection between the dependent and independent variable, regression analysis was also used. Human Capacity was determined to be critical for performing the numerous operations required to ensure that the overall project met the established standards and requirements. The results showed that better project implementation techniques, staff efficiency, work experience and knowledge of prior experience, and contractor training levels all had a significant impact on the performance of road projects. It is obvious that, there is a connection between contractors’ human capacity and the performance of road projects thanks to model summary values of R=0.715, R-square=0.511, and adjusted R-square=0.485. Furthermore, contractors' human capacity can be held responsible for 72% of changes or variations in the implementation of road projects. Human capacity, according to the study, must be improved in order to ensure quality road project implementation and timely completion of road construction projects. Keywords: Contractor, Human capacity, Performance DOI: 10.7176/JRDM/91-04 Publication date: September 30 th 2023
This study aims to develop better insights into displacement and resettlement practice in mining and underlying impacts on a community’s culture, in light of the growing institutionalisation of the practice in such settings. We address the question whether displacement and resettlement practice in mining is, in fact, a realistic ambition to restore and prioritise a displaced community’s cultural values or rather a socially (or ethically) responsible approach to mining operations. This study rests on a qualitative, in-depth case study analysis. The case involves two communities affected by displacement and resettlement practice in mining, namely, Akoti in the Sefwi Wiawso Municipality and Obrayeko in the Bibiani Anhwiaso Bekwai Municipality; both located in the Western North region of Ghana. Data were collected through interviews with four key informants throughout an ongoing dialogue with them over a period of six months. Additionally, informal talks with various stakeholders of the two communities were performed. A qualitative narrative analysis method was used to analyse the data, and thereby, avoiding data fragmentation. The findings suggest that displacement and resettlement practice in mining face some overarching issues, including decreasing social trust, extent of ethical CSR practice, and challenges associated with loss of ancestral lands/heritage. This study’s findings serve to inform corporate decisions as to the internal awareness of culture and associated elements, i.e., customs, traditions, norms, beliefs and value systems that impinge on displacement and resettlement practice in mining. Limitations of this study include limited data available, particularly interviews, which provides basis for future research. Our findings contribute to the literature by identifying the culture-related issues that arise from displacement and resettlement practice in mining, and responds to calls for further research that takes a sector-specific approach – both in mining and in other sectors where resettlement is common, and also calls for further research that explores culture-related issues at stake in corporate activities. Keywords: Social responsibilities, Mining, Displacement and resettlement practice, Developing countries, Practice theory, Business ethics DOI: 10.7176/JRDM/92-04 Publication date: October 31 st 2023
In Ethiopia, a number of dairy farms are major suppliers of milk and milk products to the customers. However, the dairy farming management practice was a big challenge to the environment of the residents due to unsafe dairy waste disposal management practice and weak enforcement practice of Gov. Though, most of the households obtained proper trainings about environmental safety and dairy waste disposal management principles, they have not got the proper supports and facility services from the agriculture and municipal office in the areas. Hence, many farm households claimed for enough and appropriate dairy farming sites. The dairy farming surrounding environment was commonly observed with the sully and manure wastes on the roadside and walkways, in runoff and sewerage canals and nearby open spaces, which in turn caused bad smelling and respiratory related problems on the neighboring communities. Furthermore, it also aggravates the local environment pollution and greenhouse gases emissions. Thus, at the dairy farm stage manure management and feed productions were the main causes of the potential greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions of methane (CH 4 ), Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). Finally, preparing hole/storage tanker for the sully and manure wastes was the best mechanism to minimize the bad smelling effects, while to overcome the environmental effect relocating the dairy farming business out of the residual sites and then proceeding it with an appropriate management practices and controlling systems is recommended. Keywords : Dairy wastes, Methane (CH4), Environmental impact, GHGs, mitigation, Maychew town. DOI: 10.7176/JRDM/92-01 Publication date: October 31 st 2023
Nowadays, people are increasingly concerned about personal hygiene because many diseases are caused by bacteria and germs. One of the means to clean yourself is soap. The form of soap that is currently in demand by the public is paper soap because it is practical and easy to use. Usually, soap added active substances such as triclosan to kill bacteria, but triclosan has a negative impact on the body. Judging from the many negative impacts that triclosan can cause, it is necessary to think of other alternative ingredients that can replace triclosan as an antimicrobial. By utilizing aloe vera as an ingredient in soap making, it is not only able to kill bacteria, but can also soften the skin. This is due to the presence of lignin which is useful for maintaining skin moisture and retaining water in the skin so that excessive evaporation does not occur. Aloe vera contains saponins that function as natural antibacterials. By utilizing aloe vera as an ingredient in soap making, not only can it kill bacteria, but it can also soften the skin. And through this community service activity, it is hoped that it can contribute in the form of data and information related to the influence of the quality of human resources, the use of social media, and business capital in the creation of a bath soap business in the sustainability of the business and the empowerment environment of the community, especially in the South Meruya area. Keywords : Influence of Human Resources Quality, Use of Social Media, Business Capital, Bath Soap Creation DOI: 10.7176/JRDM/92-03 Publication date: October 31 st 2023
The study was conducted with objective of assessing and rank the major livestock feed resources and its constraints in Guji Zone, Southern Oromia. Data was collected by group discussions and structured questionnaire in six districts. Data was collected from both secondary and primary data. A total of two hundred eighty eight (288) respondents were randomly selected and interviewed from districts based upon pre-tested structured questionnaire. Native pastures, crop residues, grazing of crop stubbles and browse trees were the major feed resources in the study area. Natural pasture and crop residues were produced in large amounts in the study area. The main cause of grazing land deterioration was drought 69.1% lowland, over grazing 58.2% highland and bush encroachment 21.9%. The major traditional range land management practice of the study area was conservation enclosure (kalo). The main source income of stakeholders depends upon sale of livestock and livestock product, and sale of crop. In the lowland area livestock cover long distance (>6 km) to reach water compared to the mid and highland parts. Further research and development work should be encouraged to improve dry season feed scarcity through different options such as utilization of non-convention feeds, forages development program, use of alternative means of crop residue utilization and adaptation, demonstration of improved forage varieties. Keywords: Assessment; Communal; Enclosure; Feed; Native pasture; Stubbles DOI: 10.7176/JRDM/92-02 Publication date: October 31 st 2023
This study aims to analyze the effect of achievement motivation and work discipline on employee performance in the painting section at PT. Hanken Indonesia. This research is included in the category of research using a quantitative approach. In conducting research, the authors provide a scale using a Likert scale. The population in this study were all employees of the painting section at PT. Hanken Indonesia, totaling 45 people as a sample. In this study, sampling using non-probability sampling or saturated sampling is a sampling technique when all members of the population are used as samples. The results of the study show that achievement motivation and work discipline have a positive and significant effect on employee performance. Keywords : Achievement Motivation, Work Discipline, Employee Performance DOI: 10.7176/JRDM/92-05 Publication date: November 30 th 2023
The purpose of the study is to assess the management practices adopted by small and medium scale enterprises in managing wood waste in Nigeria. Wood waste mismanagement is a serious environmental threat in Niger State. The evident disposal of wood wastes on the streets, water bodies and the open air burning indicates that wood waste management practices which includes the collection, disposal, recycling and reuse of wood waste are inefficient and insufficient and therefore will pose a great threat the sustenance of Nigerian timber forests, human health and environmental balance. The objectives of the study are to identify: wood waste collection practices, wood waste recycling practices and wood waste disposal practices in SMEs in Niger State. The study adopted Survey research design. Data were collected from administration of questionnaire.The population of the study was 17 respondents. The respondents were drawn from six medium scale enterprises and 11 small scale enterprises in Minna, Niger State. Survey was carried out to identify SMEs in the study area. The respondents for the study were drawn from 6 medium scale enterprises and 11 small scale enterprises. The total population was used for the study hence there was no sampling technique. Data collected from the questionnaire was analyzed using Mean and Standard deviation and t-test. Mean and standard deviation was used to answer the research questions, while t-test was used to test the Null Hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study on wood waste collection revealed that wood waste generated in SMEs are collected by poultry and animal farmers and used as animal beddings and others are collected by households and used as cooking fuel, the remnant of the wastes are burnt while others are used as landfills. The findings also revealed that wood waste are not collected by waste collection agencies nor composite boards manufacturing industries. The findings on wood waste recycling practices revealed that there are facilities for recycling, treatment and sorting of wood waste in Minna. In addition, there are wood waste disposal, storage or incineration facilities in Minna. Therefore, this study recommends that the agencies and bodies that are mandated to check and regulate wood waste should be appraised annually to ensure that their duties are effectively carried out . It is also important that necessary facilities for waste collection, storage and recycling should be made available in Niger State by the government so as to maximize wood waste utilization and create wealth and jobs in the state. Keyword: Assessment, Wood Waste, Wood Waste Management, Management Practices, Small and Medium Scale Enterprises DOI: 10.7176/JRDM/90-08 Publication date: June 30 th 2023
Though communities are supposed to participate in the whole processes of REDD+ implementation, there is no strong community based monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) system fitting the context of REDD+ processes. This study asses opportunities and challenges of developing appropriate community based MRV in Bale Eco-region REDD+ project. Data were collected through survey questionnaire administered to 154 sampled households and supplemented by focus group discussion and key informant interviews.Opportunities and challenges were discussed through percentage and frequency results of variables. Accordingly, about 27.9% of sampled households were participating in forest patrolling activity, 1.3% of the respondents can take GPS for boundary demarcation and other purpose and 12.3% of the respondents can record both illegal actions and development activities in the forest concession including regeneration status. 67.5% of sampled households responded that community based monitoring reporting and verification has great contribution in reducing both deforestation and forest degradation. Furthermore, about 64.3% of sampled respondents lack skills to data gathering, forest inventories, data analysis, interpretation and reporting and 26.6% of respondents lack capacities and basic infrastructure (electricity, internet, hardware, software). 62.3% of sampled households were not reporting any forest monitoring achievements, 26.6% of the respondents were reporting to Oromia Forest and Wildlife Enterprise, 4.5% of the respondents were reporting to Farm Africa and SOS Sahel Ethiopia and 57.1% of the sampled households recommended new reporting channel. The study also found that 90.3% of sampled households preferred to share benefit at household level.Binary logistic regression analysis result revealed that age, family size, marital status, education level, income from forest product, total land holding, distance from forest and benefit distribution were not influencing participation in community based MRV. Sex, Income source, MRV know-how, REDD+ awareness and MRV training were factors affecting participation in community based MRV. In summary, communities should be trained on the skills needed to undertake community based MRV. Simple data collection formats and reporting systems should be developed through participatory approach. Moreover, the government should create appropriate incentive mechanism in order for communities to strongly undertake community based MRV. Keywords: Community based MRV; Incentive; Binary logistic regression models; Opportunities and Challenges; REDD+. DOI: 10.7176/JRDM/90-01 Publication date: January 31 st 2023
Smallholder farmers are the most vulnerable community to climate change in Ethiopia because they are highly dependent on subsistence rain–fed agricultural production system. The aims of this study were to identify the perceptions of farmers on climate change and time series trend analysis of rainfall and temperature in the Gondar Zuria district of northwestern Ethiopia that has been severely affected by climate change stresses. In Ethiopia, studying the time series trends of rainfall and temperature in the context of climate change is crucial. As a result, it is easy to identify and implement better climate change adaptation strategies. Primary data were collected from a randomly selected 121 sample households and purposefully selected ten key informants through questionnaires and interviews. The survey data was analyzed using SPSS software version 21, XLSTAT software and excel spreadsheet. The variability and trend analysis were conducted from downloaded Gridded monthly rainfall and temperature data from free online climate explorer Which is Global Precipitation and Climate Centre (GPCC V7) and the Climate Research Unit (CRU TS 3.23) with 0.5 by 0.5 resolution from 1980 to 2013 respectively. Climate variable data have analyzed by using a precipitation concentration index, anomaly index, coefficient of variation and simple linear regression. Furthermore, the Mann-Kendall test was used to detect the time series trend. The result revealed that the mean maximum temperature had an increasing trend through time significantly. But the trend for mean minimum temperature showed a non-significant increasing trend during the period of 1980–2013. Whereas, the rainfall showed a statistically insignificant decreasing trend in the main rain (summer) season. While there was an inter-annual variability in the amount of Belg season rainfall and it showed an increasing trend. The result revealed that farmers perceive changes in temperature and rainfall over the past 30 years. The Gondar Zuria district is characterized by a semi-arid climate and hence, received low and erratic rainfall during the summer season. Therefore, we recommend possible adaptation strategies designed for climate change particularly rain-fed agriculture economic dependent countries should give emphasis for the increasing trend of temperature and the decreasing and unreliable nature of rainfall. Keywords: Climate change, Mann-Kendall test, rainfall, temperature, farmers perception, Gondar Zuria District DOI: 10.7176/JRDM/90-02 Publication date: January 31 st 2023
This paper explores the perceptions of indigenes about the mining of gold in their communities in the Nadowli district of the Upper West region in Ghana. The study adopted a qualitative research approach using the Chere community as a case study. Interviews and focus group discussions were used to collect the data. The data was analysed through thematic analysis. The findings showed that indigenes of the mining community have mixed perceptions of the gold exploration in their community. On one hand, the gold exploration has transformed and improved livelihoods of local communities in the Nadowli district. On the other, it has affected the environment negatively. The activities of mining have myriad impacts on the life of the community (local economy, local politics, education, health, marriage, religion). There is a growing tension between the host community and the principal mining firm operating in the Chere community. Despite the benefits that the host community has obtained, activities of mining are viewed as serious threats to community settlement and farmlands. The interaction between the local community and mining firm could degenerate into a full-scale violent conflict. It is recommended that appropriate platforms be created for host communities and the mining firm to interact to address grievances arising out of the mineral exploration in the Nadowli district. Keywords: Indigenes, Perceptions, Gold Mining, Nadowli, Upper West, Ghana DOI: 10.7176/JRDM/90-05 Publication date: January 31 st 2023
Located within the wetlands and estuaries of the River Niger, Grassroots Communities of Nigeria’s Niger Delta Region engage mainly in fishing and farming as their livelihoods. Unfortunately, the discovery of oil and gas (fossil fuels) within the location of the communities in the mid-1950s and subsequent protracted exploration and processing of these commodities by Multinational Oil Companies have brought about severe pollution of both the aquatic and terrestrial resources on which the grassroots communities depend for their livelihoods. Efforts to alleviate the resultant impoverishment of the communities by agencies of government and the oil companies have been generally superficial as they lack the involvement of the community members who, on the other hand, do not have the necessary levels of education, awareness and capacity to initiate or demand their participation in the processes that would enable them to sustain their livelihoods and reduce their impoverishment. The grassroots communities certainly need appropriate education programme(s) to empower them with knowledge, skills and awareness that would equip them with capacity for inclusiveness and participation in, as well as to demand for sustainable development programmes/projects for their environment and livelihoods. The purpose of this paper is to unfold the capacity of Environmental Literacy Education (ELE) to achieve these communal needs. The paper also goes further to specify and discuss modalities for actualizing the unfolded capacity of ELE to mobilize the Niger Delta Grassroots Communities towards sustaining their livelihoods . Keywords: Environmental Literacy Education, Grassroots Communities, Nigeria’s Niger Delta Region, Livelihoods, Environmental Pollution. DOI: 10.7176/JRDM/90-04 Publication date: January 31 st 2023
Food Security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. African continent is found to be the most susceptible and vulnerable places to climate change impacts, which is marked as the most food insecure region in the world, because of its reliance on climate sensitive and vulnerable economic sectors (rain fed agriculture) and its lower financial, technical, and technological capacity to adapt the climate change risks, and climate change is considered as posing the greatest threat to agriculture production and food security in the 21st century, particularly, in many of the poor, agriculture-based countries of Africa. Climate change affects food security in various ways: through impacting on all four components of food security (availability, accessibility, affordability, utilization and nutritional value and food system stability), through impacting on crop production and yield, through impacting on water availability, through impacting on fisheries production, through impacting on agricultural pests (weed, insect and disease pests), and through impacting on livestock production. African continent specially, Sub-Saharan African region is found to be the most drought prone area in the World. The severity of climate change extreme events/or drought induced food insecurity and malnutrition in Africa is emphasized. In Africa, food insecurity and malnutrition became chronic induced by repeatedly occurring drought. Due to climate change extreme event/or drought drive food crises/hunger many Africans were badly affected For instance, more than 100 million people were affected by drought driven hunger in Africa. So, Africa especially, Sub-Saharan Africa is marked as the most food insecure region in the world, and has the highest proportion of food insecure people, with an estimated regional average of 26.8% of the population undernourished and this rates could be over 50%. Moreover, the risk of hunger will increase by 10-20% in 2050. Similarly, in Africa, due to climate change impacts, the number of malnourished children is projected to be increased in 2030 and 2050 from the baseline (33 million) to 42 million and 52 million respectively. Thus, climate change impacts on food security has to be taken as key issue and impact reduction strategy options have to be implemented. Keywords: Impact of climate change, food security, malnutrition, food insecurity DOI: 10.7176/JRDM/90-03 Publication date: January 31 st 2023
This study aims to examine and analyze the Effect of Compensation, Promotion, and Career Development on Turnover Intention with Job Satisfaction as a Moderating Variable in the Education Training Department (ETD) Department. The sample used was 105 permanent employees. The sample determination used in this study used the saturated sample. The data collection method uses a survey method, with the research instrument being a questionnaire. The data analysis method uses Partial Least Square version 3.2.9 PLS. Based on the results of the research, compensation has a positive and significant effect on job satisfaction, promotion has a positive and significant effect on job satisfaction, career development has a positive and significant effect on job satisfaction, compensation has a negative and significant effect on turnover intention, promotion has a negative and significant effect on turnover intention, Career Development has a negative and significant effect on turnover intention, Job Satisfaction has a negative and significant effect on turnover intention. Keywords : Compensation, Promotion, Career Development, Turnover Intention, Job Satisfaction DOI: 10.7176/JRDM/90-07 Publication date: March 31 st 2023
In facing increasingly fierce competition in the mining business, it is necessary to have proper human resource management so as not to abandon its ideal aspects, not only through the application of the concept of employee development and training, every individual in the organization must be able to see the vision and mission which are then supported by the preparation of strategic tactics.the right way so as to create a resource advantage for the company.This research focuses on the phenomenon of decreased employee performance that occurs at PT. Trimitra Sinergi Sakti.This study aims to analyze the influence of work discipline, motivation and reward systems on post-pandemic employee performance at PT. Trimitra Sinergi Sakti.The research design used was a quantitative descriptive study using a total population of 38 respondents.Data analysis uses the Smart PLS application which consists of testing the outer model and inner model.Based on the results of data processing and analysis, it was found that the work discipline variable had a positive and significant effect on employee performance, the motivation variable had a positive and significant effect on employee performance, and the reward system had a positive and significant effect on employee performance.
Purpose: There are observable improvements in Kenya’s electricity sector since the mid-1990s. Among these are increase in electricity generated and an increase in number of households and institutions connected to the grid. These milestones have been achieved during the reform period. To find out whether these achievements are attributable to the reforms or not is the subject of this paper. This paper carries out an econometric evaluation of the impact of electricity sector reforms in Kenya relative to other four developing countries using panel data over the period 1993 to 2018. The paper assesses the impact of restructuring, unbundling, competition and private sector participation on electricity access. Methodology: In this study we carried out estimations of the outcome of reforms using panel data. The study period 1993 to 2018 was chosen based on data availability and also the consideration that power sector reforms in Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania and Senegal began after 1993. Findings: Using fixed effect method the study concludes that competition is key in enhancing access to electricity nationally and in both rural and urban areas. On the other hand, restructuring has a negative impact on both electrification in the four countries under study. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Allowing more players and also in the buying of bulk energy for onward transmission and distribution with the aim of ultimately having a fully competitive marketing the sector would therefore improve the power industry outcomes.
Soil conservation is the protection of fertile top soil from erosion by wind and water and the replacement of nutrient in the soil and it is the combination of the appropriate land use and a management practice that promotes the productive and sustainable use of erosion and other forms of land degradation. It has become an integral part of land use and receives support within a social and economic environment which is conductive to the maintenance and improvement of soil capital. The grass strips, bench terraces, and fanya juu reduced soil loss by 40, 76 and 88%, respectively, compared to the land without those structures. In the Anjeni area of Ethiopia, graded soil bund reduced soil loss by 40% as compared with untreated plots. An annual soil loss from crop lands with level soil bunds reduced by 51% when compared to the control plot. In Debre Mewi, Ethiopia, Stone bunds and soil bund reduced soil loss by 72.9 and 83.7% respectively as compared to non-treated land. In northern Ethiopia, especially in Tigray, Stone bund is effective in reducing soil loss by 68% particularly at its early age. In the central highlands of Ethiopia, the soil bund reduced the yield of barley by 7% when the spaces occupied by the structures are taken into account and otherwise increased yield by 1.7%. Agro-forestry is also one of the practices mainly used in Ethiopia at the low land areas where Mango ( Mangifera indica L. ) is well integrated with the cultivated crops and considered as an important component of the farm. The vetiver system reduces soil loss from farm land by 90% and reduces rainfall runoff by 70%. Rotating the major cereals, after legumes or oil a crop is mainly used for soil fertility maintenance, weed and disease control. Keywords: Agroforestry, conservation, Erosion, soil bund, Soil, stone bund, terrace, DOI: 10.7176/JRDM/84-02 Publication date: April 30 th 2022
Pantai Panjang Bengkulu City is a beach directly facing the Indian Ocean, located in the western part of the island of Sumatra, has a length of 7 km, has a beautiful view and easy access to reach it, so it is designated as a leading tourist area of Bengkulu city. The purpose of this study is to analyze land suitability and tourism suitability developed in the “Pantai Panjang” tourist area. This study uses primary data and secondary data. The study of land suitability as a tourist area is carried out by delineating coastal areas by pulling 100 meters inland, calculated from the limit of the highest tide point. In this study, spatial analysis through a weighting overlay process was carried out to obtain the suitability of the tourism area land with land cover and water depth parameters. Meanwhile, the study of tourism suitability in the Pantai Panjang area of Bengkulu City uses 10 parameters of marine tourism suitability. The results showed that the coastal land that was included in the administrative area of the Ratu Agung and Ratu Samban sub-districts was suitable as a tourist area with the type of tourism being developed in the form of beach recreation, while for the coastal land in the Teluk Segara sub-district it was not suitable to be developed as a tourist area. Keywords: Land suitability, tourism suitability, tourist area of Pantai Panjang DOI: 10.7176/JRDM/84-01 Publication date: April 30 th 2022
