Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists

Journal of the Society of Dyers and ColouristsVolume 50, Issue 4 p. 104-108 Standardisation and Forecasting of Hues, tints, and Shades R. F. Wilson F.R.S.A., R. F. Wilson F.R.S.A.Search for more papers by this author R. F. Wilson F.R.S.A., R. F. Wilson F.R.S.A.Search for more papers by this author First published: April 1934 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1934.tb01822.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume50, Issue4April 1934Pages 104-108 RelatedInformation

Journal of the Society of Dyers and ColouristsVolume 47, Issue 7 p. 192-196 The Gold Standard and Industrial Relations J. H. RICHARDSON, J. H. RICHARDSON Professor of Economics, University of LeeSearch for more papers by this author J. H. RICHARDSON, J. H. RICHARDSON Professor of Economics, University of LeeSearch for more papers by this author First published: July 1931 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1931.tb01655.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume47, Issue7July 1931Pages 192-196 RelatedInformation

Journal of the Society of Dyers and ColouristsVolume 50, Issue 4 p. 100-104 Indian Cotton and Textiles R. L. H. Carlile, R. L. H. CarlileSearch for more papers by this author R. L. H. Carlile, R. L. H. CarlileSearch for more papers by this author First published: April 1934 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1934.tb01821.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume50, Issue4April 1934Pages 100-104 RelatedInformation

Journal of the Society of Dyers and ColouristsVolume 47, Issue 7 p. 183-192 Modern Organic Solvents: Part I-Development of the Solvents Induotry. A New Conception of the Constitution of Cellulose Nitrate. Solvent Action in Dyeing and Wed Processes. E. CLAYTON F.I.C.,, E. CLAYTON F.I.C.,Search for more papers by this authorC. 0. CLARK A.T.I., C. 0. CLARK A.T.I.Search for more papers by this author E. CLAYTON F.I.C.,, E. CLAYTON F.I.C.,Search for more papers by this authorC. 0. CLARK A.T.I., C. 0. CLARK A.T.I.Search for more papers by this author First published: July 1931 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1931.tb01654.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume47, Issue7July 1931Pages 183-192 RelatedInformation

Summary of Chairman's Address at the Thirteenth Annual General Meeting held at Manchester, 26th July 1932

Journal of the Society of Dyers and ColouristsVolume 47, Issue 9 p. 247-254 Modern Organic Solvents: Part II—Classification. Applications in the Textile and Allied Industries E. CLAYTON F.I.C., E. CLAYTON F.I.C.Search for more papers by this authorC. 0. CLARK A.T.I., C. 0. CLARK A.T.I.Search for more papers by this author E. CLAYTON F.I.C., E. CLAYTON F.I.C.Search for more papers by this authorC. 0. CLARK A.T.I., C. 0. CLARK A.T.I.Search for more papers by this author First published: September 1931 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1931.tb01663.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume47, Issue9September 1931Pages 247-254 RelatedInformation

Journal of the Society of Dyers and ColouristsVolume 47, Issue 9 p. 254-258 The Solubility of Dry-Cleaning Soaps C. L. Bird B.Sc., A.I.C., C. L. Bird B.Sc., A.I.C.Search for more papers by this author C. L. Bird B.Sc., A.I.C., C. L. Bird B.Sc., A.I.C.Search for more papers by this author First published: September 1931 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1931.tb01664.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume47, Issue9September 1931Pages 254-258 RelatedInformation

The factors affecting the colour yield and appearance of cellulosic fibres dyed with reactive dyes have been investigated. Colour yields obtained with trichloropyrimidyl and fluorochloropyrimidyl dyes are compared. Using Danckwerts' equation, the parameter – depth of penetration of reactive dyes – is defined. The appearance of cellulosic substrates dyed with reactive dyes is quantified in terms of the diffusion and reaction properties of the dyes.

Journal of the Society of Dyers and ColouristsVolume 47, Issue 9 p. 258-262 Science and Industry Sir H. McGOWAN, Sir H. McGOWANSearch for more papers by this author Sir H. McGOWAN, Sir H. McGOWANSearch for more papers by this author First published: September 1931 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1931.tb01665.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume47, Issue9September 1931Pages 258-262 RelatedInformation

IT is only within the past two years that the general public has become familiar with infrared photography. Yet Abney, so long ago as 18801, photographed the solar spectrum as far as 9867 A. It may well be asked why half a century should pass before so remarkable an extension of photographic technique could gain recognition among photographers generally. The main reason was that until recently no photographic material possessed more than a very slight degree of sensitivity in the infra-red region of the spectrum, and many of those which had even this were very prone to chemical fog, especially on keeping. With very few exceptions, the materials were used for spectrography, a subject which has no direct appeal to the public. Abney, it is true, is reported to have photographed a kettle filled with boiling water, the only source of radiation being the kettle itself, but nobody repeated the experiment and it was not until the opening decade of the present century that infra-red picture-making began to be practised at all seriously.

A model cationic reactive dye based on an anthraquinone chromophore was prepared. The synthesis of this dye was achieved by the modification of the a free amino group of an anthraquinone-based dye, reacting first with cyanuric chloride and then with N-(2-aminoethyl)pyridinium chloride. TLC analysis was employed to follow the chemical reactions. The application of the prepared dye to cotton fabric was carried out using the exhaustion method without the addition of electrolytes. The results showed that, despite no electrolytes being present in the dye bath, a high percentage of dye exhaustion could be obtained. The high percentage of dye exhaustion was attributed to the attractive force between positive charges on the dye molecule and the negatively charged fibre surface. A high degree of dye fixation with excellent wash fastness was also achievable. Advantageously, it was found that this cationic reactive dye showed promising fastness to light when compared with that of analogous conventional basic dye on cotton. It is believed that the pyridinium cationic moiety, which attached separately to the chromophore via aliphatic spacer groups, was later eliminated during the washing-off process, hence causing an insignificant effect on the photofading of the dyed fabric.

The decolorisation of reactive dyeing wastewater with ultraviolet radiation and ultrasonic vibration in the presence of hydrogen peroxide was investigated by a batch operation system. Kinetic studies of the reactive dye were conducted on the effects of pH and peroxide dosage, and the performance of ultrasonic vibration on the oxidation process was also investigated. It was found that the degradation of the reactive dye followed a pseudo-first-order kinetic model at different pH and peroxide dosages. The relationships between the rate constants and pH, as well as peroxide concentration, were established.

Jet printing of textiles with equipment based on the charged drop, piezo and bubblejet technologies, which were originally developed for paper reprographics, is now fairly common, particularly for making sample prints in a rapid response environment. However, compared with conventional screen printing, these systems impose some limitations in the number and gamut of shades that can be produced and in fabric preparation, productivity and cost. The underlying principles of the formation of the coloured pixels which make up the printed design using a jet printer have been studied both at the microscopic level and colorimetrically. A wider appreciation of the reasons for the present limitations of jet printing systems for textiles should help overcome misunderstandings between designers, specifiers and their customers alike.

The evolution of dye absorption and fine structure variations due to heat treatment in high-bulk yarns was studied. Two acrylic fibres of different commercial origin were employed. Using these, the following yarns were spun: 100% relaxed (N), 100% retractile (R), 55:45 N/R and 45:55 N/R. The evolution of fibre microstructure induced by the dyeing process was studied through the differential solubility technique in mixtures of dimethylformamide and water.

Manganese protoporphyrin or mesoporphyrin derivatives catalysed the decolorisation of azo dyes by hydrogen peroxide under mild conditions, pH 8.0 and 25°C. The decolorisation rate was increased by the presence of manganese protoporphyrin or mesoporphyrin derivatives and was dependent upon the structures of the porphyrins and of the azo dyes. The rate was found to depend upon the concentration of ligands. Kinetic studies of the decolorisation rate by hydrogen peroxide catalysed by a poly(ethylene glycol)‐linked manganese mesoporphyrin derivative showed how the structures of the porphyrin and the azo dye affect the rate.

Following treatment with Trichoderma reesei cellulases, the mechanical properties of cotton fabrics were measured to assess the effect of adsorbed enzymes. The ability of adsorbed cellulases to act as anchors for further wet finishing processes was studied. Dried fabric samples, after 105 days under usual storage conditions, showed neither significant strength loss, nor any changes in the degree of polymerisation. After five months of storage, the enzymes were still found to be active. The adsorption of T reesei cellulases produced an increase in staining levels after dyeing with an acid dye, but washing fastness was poor. Washing with soap under alkaline conditions removed proteins almost completely. Adsorption of T reesei cellulases is reversible and desorption increases from pH 5 to pH 10. Because of the protein desorption under usual alkaline washing conditions, no practical application of adsorbed cellulases for further finishing processes is suggested and more work is required.

Colour removal of textile dyes from effluent was evaluated using a laboratory 'upflow anaerobic sludge blanket' reactor. Several commercial dyes were selected to study the effect of dye structure on colour removal. The anaerobic reactor was fed with glucose, an easily biodegradable organic matter and selected individual dyes. Results show that some of the dyes are readily reduced under anaerobic conditions even at a high concentration of 700 mg/l. The average removal efficiency for acid dyes using this method was between 80 and 90% and that observed for the direct dye used was 81%. Laboratory experiments using the anaerobic reactor with disperse dyes, such as an anthraquinone-based dye, were unsuccessful even at low concentrations of 35 mg/l. Additional experiments were conducted to evaluate the toxicity of a selected disperse dye to an anaerobic environment. Results indicate that the purified dye is more toxic to the biomass than the commercial one.

The bioelimination of a series of hydrolysed reactive dyes of known chemical structure has been determined using a new, rapid and robust laboratory method and a chemometric analysis conducted on the bioelimination results. The level of bioelimination varies from 0% up to only 25% and the chemometric analysis indicates that if either the number of aromatic rings increases or the number of 2‐hydroxyethylsulphone groups decreases, then the bioelimination increases. To maximise the bioelimination of reactive dyes, large, planar triazine‐based dyes should be used.

The redox properties of Cl Sulphur Black 1 are studied by redox and potentiometric titration. The results permit a more detailed description of the dyestuff reduction at a molecular level. Dyeing experiments with selected reducing agents show that dyestuff reduction is important in order to obtain a certain colour depth. When tin(II) chloride or iron(II) triethanolamine are used as reducing agents, a maximum correlation between redox potential and observed colour depth can be derived and a redox potential for maximum dyestuff affinity can be determined.

A trifunctional reactive crosslinker, 2,4,6‐tri{ρ‐[(2′‐sulphatoethyl)sulphonyl]phenylamino}‐1,3,5‐triazine (Tri‐SES) was synthesised and co‐applied with hydrolysed Cl Reactive Black 5 (hydroxyethyl sulphone dye) to cotton to achieve dye‐fibre covalent bonding via a cold pad‐batch process. Several factors affecting the dye—crosslinker‐cotton covalent fixation reactions have been studied and are discussed in this paper. It was found that the dye fixation was strongly dependent on the alkali type and concentration. Very high fixation values (ca. 97%) were obtained under the optimised conditions.